Preface Twenty years after the idea of this book series was first discussed,we are finally reaching the end of the project.Carotenoids Volumes 4 and 5 now move us into the great field of biology.and cover the functions of carotenoids and the actions of carotenoids in nutrition and health.In the classic 1971 Isler book Carofenoids,carotenoid functions were covered in just one chapter.Now,thanks to technical developments and multidisciplinary approaches that make it possible to study functional processes in great detail,this subject is the most rapidly expanding area of carotenoid research.and occupies two full volumes These can be used as stand-alone books,but they are really planned to be used together an to complete the coverage of the carotenoid field begun in earlier volumes,as the final part of a coordinated series The general philosophy and strategy of the series,to have expert authors review,analyse and present information and give guidance on practical strategies and procedures is maintained in Volumes 4 and 5,though the subject matter does not lend itself to the kind of detailed Worked Examples that were featured in earlier volumes.It has also been the aim that these publications should be useful for both experienced carotenoid researchers and newcomers to the field. The material presented in the earlier volumes is all relevant to studies of biological functions and actions.Biological studies must be supported by a rigorous analytical base and carotenoids must be identified unequivocally.It is a common view that carotenoids are difficult to work with;this may be daunting to newcomers to the field,especially if they do not have a strong background in chemistry and analysis.There are difficulties;carotenoids are less stable than most natural products but,as we emphasize in Chapter 1,ways to overcome the difficulties and to handle these challenging compounds are well established and are described and discussed in Volume 1A,which,together with Volume IB,gives a comprehensive treatment of the isolation,analysis and spectroscopic characterization of carotenoids that is an essential foundation for all carotenoid work.This is complemented by the Carotenoids Handbook (2004).which was produced in association with this series and provides key analytical data for each of the 750or so known naturally-occurring carotenoids Volume 2 describes methods for the chemical synthesis of carotenoids that are needed as analytical standards and on a larger scale for biological trials.Functions and actions are inextricably linked with biosynthesis and metabolism,covered in. There are many other major publications in the carotenoid field which are still extremely valuable sources of information.The history of key publications up to around 1994 was outined in the preface to the series,.Since then there have been other reports,notably the published proceedings of the Intemationa Carotenoid Symposia in199 1999,2002 and 2005.References to specialized monographs and reviews on particular topics can be found in the following Chapters
xxiv Preface Twenty years after the idea of this Carotenoids book series was first discussed, we are finally reaching the end of the project. Carotenoids Volumes 4 and 5 now move us into the great field of biology, and cover the functions of carotenoids and the actions of carotenoids in nutrition and health. In the classic 1971 Isler book Carotenoids, carotenoid functions were covered in just one chapter. Now, thanks to technical developments and multidisciplinary approaches that make it possible to study functional processes in great detail, this subject is the most rapidly expanding area of carotenoid research, and occupies two full volumes. These can be used as stand-alone books, but they are really planned to be used together and to complete the coverage of the carotenoid field begun in earlier volumes, as the final part of a coordinated series. The general philosophy and strategy of the series, to have expert authors review, analyse and present information and give guidance on practical strategies and procedures is maintained in Volumes 4 and 5, though the subject matter does not lend itself to the kind of detailed Worked Examples that were featured in earlier volumes. It has also been the aim that these publications should be useful for both experienced carotenoid researchers and newcomers to the field. The material presented in the earlier volumes is all relevant to studies of biological functions and actions. Biological studies must be supported by a rigorous analytical base and carotenoids must be identified unequivocally. It is a common view that carotenoids are difficult to work with; this may be daunting to newcomers to the field, especially if they do not have a strong background in chemistry and analysis. There are difficulties; carotenoids are less stable than most natural products but, as we emphasize in Chapter 1, ways to overcome the difficulties and to handle these challenging compounds are well established and are described and discussed in Volume 1A, which, together with Volume 1B, gives a comprehensive treatment of the isolation, analysis and spectroscopic characterization of carotenoids that is an essential foundation for all carotenoid work. This is complemented by the Carotenoids Handbook (2004), which was produced in association with this series and provides key analytical data for each of the 750 or so known naturally-occurring carotenoids. Volume 2 describes methods for the chemical synthesis of carotenoids that are needed as analytical standards and on a larger scale for biological trials. Functions and actions are inextricably linked with biosynthesis and metabolism, covered in Volume 3. There are many other major publications in the carotenoid field which are still extremely valuable sources of information. The history of key publications up to around 1994 was outlined in the preface to the series, in Volume 1A. Since then there have been other progress reports, notably the published proceedings of the International Carotenoid Symposia in 1996, 1999, 2002 and 2005. References to specialized monographs and reviews on particular topics can be found in the following Chapters
Volume 4 and its companion,Volume 5,which deals with human nutrition and health.are the last volumes in the C in many ways point the wayto the future of carotenoid research.If the insight that these books provide stimulates chemists,physicist and biologists to understand and talk to each other and thus serves as a catalyst for interdisciplinary studies that will bring great advances and rewards in the future,then the editors will feel that their time and effort has been well spent. Editors'Acknowledgements We repeat our comment from the earlier Volumes.Although we are privileged to be the editors of these books,their production and publication would not be possible without the efforts of many other people. The dedicated work of the authors,their attention to requests and questions and their and to meet the stringent limitations of space,is gratefully acknowledged.The job of the editors is made so much easier when authors provide carefully prepared manuscripts in good time. We thank Klara Nagy of the Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry. University of Pecs,Hungary,for her continuing help during the preparation of manuscripts, and Detlef Klaber and the editorial staff at Birkhauser.especially Kerstin TOchert who was responsible for thehands-on'work in the final push to get the book into publication Discussions with carotenoid colleagues during the planning of these Volumes were very useful,and we especially appreciate much valuable advice from Norman Krinsky (Tufts University,Boston). Finally.we again express our gratitude to DSM and BASF for the financial support without which this project would not have been possible. Authors'Acknowledgements Chapter5 The authors acknowledge helpful discussions with Drs.J.Benade and S.Beutner,and financial support from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 666,Photostability, Photoprotection and Photoreactivity),and from the Collaborative Research Center 663 of the German Research Foundation (SFB/DFG 663)
xxv Volume 4 and its companion, Volume 5, which deals with human nutrition and health, are the last volumes in the Carotenoids series, and in many ways point the way to the future of carotenoid research. If the insight that these books provide stimulates chemists, physicists and biologists to understand and talk to each other and thus serves as a catalyst for interdisciplinary studies that will bring great advances and rewards in the future, then the editors will feel that their time and effort has been well spent. Editors’ Acknowledgements We repeat our comment from the earlier Volumes. Although we are privileged to be the editors of these books, their production and publication would not be possible without the efforts of many other people. The dedicated work of the authors, their attention to requests and questions and their gracious acceptance of the drastic editing that was sometimes needed to avoid duplication and to meet the stringent limitations of space, is gratefully acknowledged. The job of the editors is made so much easier when authors provide carefully prepared manuscripts in good time. We thank Klara Nagy of the Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Hungary, for her continuing help during the preparation of manuscripts, and Detlef Klüber and the editorial staff at Birkhäuser, especially Kerstin Tüchert who was responsible for the ‘hands-on’ work in the final push to get the book into publication. Discussions with carotenoid colleagues during the planning of these Volumes were very useful, and we especially appreciate much valuable advice from Norman Krinsky (Tufts University, Boston). Finally, we again express our gratitude to DSM and BASF for the financial support without which this project would not have been possible. Authors’ Acknowledgements Chapter 5 The authors acknowledge helpful discussions with Drs. J. Benade and S. Beutner, and financial support from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 666, Photostability, Photoprotection and Photoreactivity), and from the Collaborative Research Center 663 of the German Research Foundation (SFB/DFG 663)
xxvi Chapter9 The authors thank Mary Grace Galinato,Dariusz Niedzwiedski,Zeus Pendon,Robert Birge Richard Cogdell,George Gibson and Tomas Polivka for help,discussions and collaborations RLC acknowledges support from the Bowdoin College Porter Fellowship Program,the NSF ROA program(MCB-0314380 to HAF)and the Petroleum Research Fund administered by the American Chemical Society.HAF acknowledges support from the National Institutes of Health(GM-30353),the National Science Foundation(MCB-0314380)and the University of Connecticut Research Foundation. Chapter 15 The author acknowledges the authors of Chapter 5 for some material that was originally submitted in Chapter5 but incorporated in abbreviated form in Chapter 15. Editors'Notes on the Use of this Book The Carotenoids books are planned to be used together with the Carotenoids Handbook, which lists and gives data for the 750 or so known natural carotenoids.Whenever a known natural carotenoid is mentioned,its number in the Handbook is given in bold print.Othe compounds.including purely synthetic carotenoids that do not appear in the Hfandbook.are numbered separately in italics in sequence as they appear in the text for each chapter,and their formulae are shown.The numbers are not given at every mention of a particular compound but may be repeated for clanty or to aid comparison. The Carotenoids books form a coordinated series,so there is substantial cross-referencing between Volumes 4 and 5,and to earlier Volumes in the series.Chapters in earlier Volumes in they are to several times ina particular chapter. Carotenoid nomenclature The IUPAC semi-systematic names for all known naturally occurring carotenoids are give in the Carotenoids Handbook.Trivial names for many carotenoids are,however,well- established and convenient,and are generally used in biological publications,including B- carotene rather than B.B-carotene.These common,trivial names are used throughout these volumes
xxvi Chapter 9 The authors thank Mary Grace Galinato, Dariusz Niedzwiedski, Zeus Pendon, Robert Birge, Richard Cogdell, George Gibson and Tomáš Polivka for help, discussions and collaborations. RLC acknowledges support from the Bowdoin College Porter Fellowship Program, the NSFROA program (MCB-0314380 to HAF) and the Petroleum Research Fund administered by the American Chemical Society. HAF acknowledges support from the National Institutes of Health (GM-30353), the National Science Foundation (MCB-0314380) and the University of Connecticut Research Foundation. Chapter 15 The author acknowledges the authors of Chapter 5 for some material that was originally submitted in Chapter 5 but incorporated in abbreviated form in Chapter 15. Editors’ Notes on the Use of this Book The Carotenoids books are planned to be used together with the Carotenoids Handbook, which lists and gives data for the 750 or so known natural carotenoids. Whenever a known natural carotenoid is mentioned, its number in the Handbook is given in bold print. Other compounds, including purely synthetic carotenoids that do not appear in the Handbook, are numbered separately in italics in sequence as they appear in the text for each chapter, and their formulae are shown. The numbers are not given at every mention of a particular compound but may be repeated for clarity or to aid comparison. The Carotenoids books form a coordinated series, so there is substantial cross-referencing between Volumes 4 and 5, and to earlier Volumes in the series. Chapters in earlier Volumes are not included in reference lists unless they are referred to several times in a particular chapter. Carotenoid nomenclature The IUPAC semi-systematic names for all known naturally occurring carotenoids are given in the Carotenoids Handbook. Trivial names for many carotenoids are, however, wellestablished and convenient, and are generally used in biological publications, including - carotene rather than -carotene. These common, trivial names are used throughout these volumes.
xxvii The EZ and trans/cis deniminations for describing the stereochemistry about a double bond are not always equivalent.The terms cis and trans are also used in most cases to designate geometrical isomers,especially of carotenoids in general.The E system is reserved mainly for naming geometrical isomers of a particular compound. Naming of organisms The correct classification and naming of living organisms is essential.The editors have not checked all these but have relied on the expertise of the authors to ensure that classification schemes and names in current usage are applied accurately.and for correlation between new and od names. Abbreviations The abbreviations listed are ones that occur in more than one place in the book. Abbreviations defined at their only place of mention are not listed. Indexing For many purposes the List of Contents is sufficient to guide the reader to a particular topic. The subject Index at the end of the book complements this and lists key topics that occur. perhaps in different contexts,in different places in the book.No author index,index of compounds or index of organisms is given
xxvii The E/Z and trans/cis deniminations for describing the stereochemistry about a double bond are not always equivalent. The terms cis and trans are also used in most cases to designate geometrical isomers, especially of carotenoids in general. The E/Z system is reserved mainly for naming geometrical isomers of a particular compound. Naming of organisms The correct classification and naming of living organisms is essential. The editors have not checked all these but have relied on the expertise of the authors to ensure that classification schemes and names in current usage are applied accurately, and for correlation between new and old names. Abbreviations The abbreviations listed are ones that occur in more than one place in the book. Abbreviations defined at their only place of mention are not listed. Indexing For many purposes the List of Contents is sufficient to guide the reader to a particular topic. The subject Index at the end of the book complements this and lists key topics that occur, perhaps in different contexts, in different places in the book. No author index, index of compounds or index of organisms is given
Abbreviations Abscisic acid BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene(2.6-di--butyl-pcresol) Chlorophyll DMSO EM ble resonance GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry HOMO alar orbital HPLC High performance liquid chromatography AC tional Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry kDa hoDaoa Langmuir-Blodgett LUMO MALDI-TOF netic resonance PCP phyll protein Retinoicacid receptor Retn piment pithelium Sensitizer SLS Static light scattering
xxviii Abbreviations ABA Abscisic acid ADC Apparent digestibility coefficient AFM Atomic Force Microscopy AM 1 Austin model 1 APCI Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Bchl Bacteriochlorophyll BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene (2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol) Bphaeo Bacteriophaeophytin CD Circular dichroism Chl Chlorophyll DLS Dynamic light scattering DMPC Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine DMSO Dimethyl sulphoxide DPA Diphenylamine DPPC Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine EM Electron microscopy ENDOR Electron nuclear double resonance EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance FCP Fucoxanthin-chlorophyll protein GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry HDL High density lipoprotein HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital HPLC High performance liquid chromatography IR Infrared IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry kDa kiloDalton LB Langmuir-Blodgett LDL Low density lipoprotein LH Light harvesting LOX Lipoxygenase LUMO Lowest occupied molecular orbital MALDI-TOF Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight MS Mass spectrometry NIR Near infrared NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance NPQ Non-photochemical quenching ORD Optical rotatory dispersion PCP Peridinin-chlorophyll protein PCR Polymerase chain reaction PDAD Photodiode array detector PPAR Peroxysome proliferator activated response pRBP Plasma retinol-binding protein PSI Photosystem I PSII Photosystem II RA Retinoic acid RAR Retinoic acid receptor RC Reaction centre RPE Retinal pigment epithelium RXR Retinoid receptor SDS Sodium dodecyl sulphate SENS Sensitizer SLS Static light scattering