mechanics has a strong adherence towards the mechanics of with major from solid and fluid mechanics.The arrows of Fig1 indicate that interaction between the three principal mechanical disciplines of solid mechanics,fluid mechanics and the mechanics of discontinua is intrinsic to geomechanics.Accordingly,coupled (often numerical)models play an outstandingrole in both soil mechanics and rock mechanics.Soil mechanics and rock mechanics like solid mechanics,fluid mechanics and the mechanics of discontinua,are branches of material science.Due to their major field of application,material science in general and soil and rock mechanics in particular,are commonly considered to be engineering disciplines The triangle of engineering geology Ground engineering requires the project specific delineation of the sub-surface ground conditions. The principal aspects involved constitute the "Triangle of Engineering Geology"(Fig.2).The triangle is centered around the main engineering eological activities of site characterization and synthesis based on the genetic understanding of geological materials,structures and processes Figl The triangle of geomechanics The objective is the setting up of a comprehensive geological model.This model requires the specification of two general features,namely,composition and geological boundary conditions. The composition of the ground and the geological processes prevailing at the site are most clearly identified and specified if they are considered within a genetic context.This places engineering geology firmly within geological science. Current geological conditions and landscapes are the result of past and ongoing geological processes,which can pose a hazard to ground engineered structures.The design and construction of sustainable structures requires understanding and accommodation of these processes
10 mechanics has a strong adherence towards the mechanics of discontinua with major influences from solid and fluid mechanics. The arrows of Fig.1 indicate that interaction between the three principal mechanical disciplines of solid mechanics, fluid mechanics and the mechanics of discontinua is intrinsic to geomechanics. Accordingly, coupled (often numerical) models play an outstanding role in both soil mechanics and rock mechanics. Soil mechanics and rock mechanics, like solid mechanics, fluid mechanics and the mechanics of discontinua, are branches of material science. Due to their major field of application, material science in general and soil and rock mechanics in particular, are commonly considered to be engineering disciplines. The triangle of engineering geology Ground engineering requires the project specific delineation of the sub-surface ground conditions. The principal aspects involved constitute the ‘‘Triangle of Engineering Geology’’ (Fig. 2). The triangle is centered around the main engineering geological activities of site characterization and synthesis based on the genetic understanding of geological materials, structures and processes. Fig1 The triangle of geomechanics The objective is the setting up of a comprehensive geological model. This model requires the specification of two general features, namely, composition and geological boundary conditions. The composition of the ground and the geological processes prevailing at the site are most clearly identified and specified if they are considered within a genetic context. This places engineering geology firmly within geological science. Current geological conditions and landscapes are the result of past and ongoing geological processes, which can pose a hazard to ground engineered structures. The design and construction of sustainable structures requires understanding and accommodation of these processes
Fig2The triangle of engineering geology The triangle of ground engineering (in its narrow sense) The "Triangle of Ground Engineering"(Fig 3)encompasses the main activities which are intrinsic to engineering in a narrow sense,i.e.the analysis and design of ground engineering structures and the super-vision and monitoring of their construction.The focus is to predict the ground behavior that is the key safe structures Ground engineering is based on a ground model that incorporates the geological model and the relevant engineering parameters and material properties.For analysis and design,the ground model is subjected of modeling(umerica) The ground is analyzed under the infuence of exteral and interal,natural and man-induced static and dynamic forces.The analysis includes the safety of the ground against various types of failure and the deformational behavior that might impair the performance of the structure.An optimal of the design parameters is established and provided in project drawings and specifications for tendering.contracting and construction.During the construction the ground performance is monitored and the actual behavior compared with the predictions.In the case of major discrepancies,adjustments may be implemented,usually in line with scenarios considered as part of an observational design procedure.In the analysis and design,and dependingon the type of structure,it is commonly necessary to cooperate with engineers who specialized in other fields of engineering(e.g structural,civil,mining.petroleum)
11 Fig 2 The triangle of engineering geology The triangle of ground engineering (in its narrow sense) The ‘‘Triangle of Ground Engineering’’ (Fig. 3) encompasses the main activities which are intrinsic to engineering in a narrow sense, i. e. the analysis and design of ground engineering structures and the super-vision and monitoring of their construction. The focus is to predict the ground behavior that is the key to cost effective and safe structures. Ground engineering is based on a ground model that incorporates the geological model and the relevant engineering parameters and material properties. For analysis and design, the ground model is subjected to a series of modeling investigations (conceptual, physical and/or numerical). The ground is analyzed under the influence of external and internal, natural and man-induced, static and dynamic forces. The analysis includes the safety of the ground against various types of failure and the deformational behavior that might impair the performance of the structure. An optimal configuration of the design parameters is established and provided in project drawings and specifications for tendering, contracting and construction. During the construction the ground performance is monitored and the actual behavior compared with the predictions. In the case of major discrepancies, adjustments may be implemented, usually in line with scenarios considered as part of an observational design procedure. In the analysis and design, and depending on the type of structure, it is commonly necessary to cooperate with engineers who specialized in other fields of engineering (e. g. structural, civil, mining, petroleum)
Modeling Analysis and Design Gougsamemceteayarl Fig3 The triangle of ground engineering(narrow sense) Ground engineering in its broad sense Ground engineering in its broad sense is understood of the aspects shown in Figs.1. 2,3 and described in the previous sections:"Geomechanics (Soil Mechanics and Rock Mechanics)",“Engineering Geology”"and“Ground Engineering”"(in its narrow sense.)When auxiiary termsare eliminated,the terms reduce to""Engneering The latter three terms constitute the fundamental elements of Ground Engineering. The integrated approach to solving ground engineering problems Ground engineering is essentially a serial process directed towards the ground engineering structure.The process is characterized by an integration of all relevant aspects.shown in Figs.1.2. 3.into a comprehensive scheme as depicted in Fig.4.Effective ground engineering requires feedback between the various disciplines and interaction across the numerous aspects involved (interaction arrows throughout Figs.1,2.,4).This,in particular,applies to the"central oval"of Fig 4which is characterized by the links betweenall triangles(Figs 1.2.3).The development of the ground model is central to this process and includes the embedment of engineering parameters and material properties into the model.The task which is required in this phase is considerable and,in the end,often critical to the quality of the overall result.Amongst others.it includes an actualization of the geological model,the specification of constitutive laws appropriate for the soils and rocks in the model.the derivation of their mechanical properties in laboratory and/or field testing and interpretation in terms of characteristic and design values.The transfer from derived (EN 1997-2)to characteristic and design values (EN 1997-)is based on the evaluation of sampling and testing procedures,possible scale effects regional context and experience with the materials.It is obvious that this central catalogue of tasks is best discharged in co-operation between engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers
12 Fig 3 The triangle of ground engineering (narrow sense) Ground engineering in its broad sense Ground engineering in its broad sense is understood to comprise all of the aspects shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and described in the previous sections: ‘‘Geomechanics (Soil Mechanics and Rock Mechanics)’’, ‘‘Engineering Geology’’ and ‘‘Ground Engineering’’ (in its narrow sense). When auxiliary terms are eliminated, the terms reduce to “Mechanics’’, ‘‘Geology’’ and ‘‘Engineering’’. The latter three terms constitute the fundamental elements of Ground Engineering. The integrated approach to solving ground engineering problems Ground engineering is essentially a serial process directed towards the ground engineering structure. The process is characterized by an integration of all relevant aspects, shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, into a comprehensive scheme as depicted in Fig. 4. Effective ground engineering requires feedback between the various disciplines and interaction across the numerous aspects involved (interaction arrows throughout Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4). This, in particular, applies to the ‘‘central oval’’ of Fig. 4 which is characterized by the links between all three interaction triangles considered (Figs. 1, 2, 3). The development of the ground model is central to this process and includes the embedment of engineering parameters and material properties into the model. The task which is required in this phase is considerable and, in the end, often critical to the quality of the overall result. Amongst others, it includes an actualization of the geological model, the specification of constitutive laws appropriate for the soils and rocks in the model, the derivation of their mechanical properties in laboratory and/or field testing and interpretation in terms of characteristic and design values. The transfer from derived (EN 1997-2) to characteristic and design values (EN 1997-1) is based on the evaluation of sampling and testing procedures, possible scale effects, regional context and experience with the materials. It is obvious that this central catalogue of tasks is best discharged in co-operation between engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers
ISSMGE ISRM Rock 二 Fig 4 The position of soil mechanics,rock mechanics and engineering geology and the associated international societies within ground engineering(modified after JEWG 2004) Degree of co-operation between engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers The requirement for formal linkages and feedback between the various professional practitioners within the field of ground engineering is project specific.It is highest in projects of the geotechnical category 3 defined in Eurocode 7,encompassing the most demanding geotechnical projects.Such dominance gradually decreases with the geotechnical categories 2 and 1 Accordingly,the egree of explicit between geologists and geotechnica engineers can be linked to the geotechnical categories as specified in Table 1. Engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers are unified in their overall objective to create a eologically and technically effective and safe engineering soution Resume of the position of goloy within ground engineering To our knowledge,it is for the first time ever that,on an intemational level,the position of engineering geology in ground engineering has been defined within an official document, 6
13 Fig 4 The position of soil mechanics, rock mechanics and engineering geology and the associated international societies within ground engineering (modified after JEWG 2004) Degree of co-operation between engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers The requirement for formal linkages and feedback between the various professional practitioners within the field of ground engineering is project specific. It is highest in projects of the geotechnical category 3 defined in Eurocode 7, encompassing the most demanding geotechnical projects. Such dominance gradually decreases with the geotechnical categories 2 and 1. Accordingly, the degree of explicit co-operation between engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers can be linked to the geotechnical categories as specified in Table 1. Engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers are unified in their overall objective to create a geologically and technically sustainable, cost effective and safe engineering solution. Résuméof the position of engineering geology within ground engineering To our knowledge, it is for the first time ever that, on an international level, the position of engineering geology in ground engineering has been defined within an official document
unanimously with the soil and rock mechanics engineers.Clearly,this is an achievement in its own right. As shown in Fig.4 and as elaborated upon throughout the JEWG Report,engineering geology is seen as one of the scientific disciplines intrinsic to ground engineering in its broad sense.Although based on a non-engineering scientific field,engineering geology is positioned at the same hierarchical level as soil mechanics and rock mechanics,interacting with them in many aspects. There is no room for some of the more traditional views that"engineering geology's role..is essentially that of a service agent"to engineers(Fookes 1997).Clearly,within the broader ground engineering context,"all aspects must be kept in balance and no pertinent aspect should be omitted"(Knill 2002,p.15). Table I Level of co-operation between engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers Geotechnical categoryEurocode7 Co-operation 1 Optional 2 Desirable 3 Essential References Knill JSir(2002)Core values:the first Hans Cloos Lecture.In:Proceedingof IAEG Congress, Durban pp 1-45 Legget RF(1962)Geology and Engineering.McGraw-Hill,New York.pp884 Morgenstern NR(2000)Common ground.Int Conf Geotech Geol Eng.Melbourne 1:1-30 New words and phrases segregation：隔离 elusive：难以琢磨的 design and impemntion of groundnnrngstructures:地质工程结构的设计和施工 the mechanics of discontinua:非连续介质力学
14 unanimously with the soil and rock mechanics engineers. Clearly, this is an achievement in its own right. As shown in Fig. 4 and as elaborated upon throughout the JEWG Report, engineering geology is seen as one of the scientific disciplines intrinsic to ground engineering in its broad sense. Although based on a non-engineering scientific field, engineering geology is positioned at the same hierarchical level as soil mechanics and rock mechanics, interacting with them in many aspects. There is no room for some of the more traditional views that ‘‘engineering geology’s role ...... is essentially that of a service agent’’ to engineers (Fookes 1997). Clearly, within the broader ground engineering context, ‘‘all aspects must be kept in balance and no pertinent aspect should be omitted’’ (Knill 2002, p. 15). Table 1 Level of co-operation between engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers Geotechnical categoryEurocode 7 Co-operation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Optional 2 Desirable 3 Essential References Knill J Sir (2002) Core values: the first Hans Cloos Lecture. In: Proceeding of 9th IAEG Congress, Durban pp 1–45 Legget RF (1962) Geology and Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 884 Morgenstern NR (2000) Common ground. Int Conf Geotech Geol Eng, Melbourne 1:1–30 New words and phrases segregation ：隔离 elusive ：难以琢磨的 design and implementation of ground engineering structures：地质工程结构的设计和施工 the mechanics of discontinua：非连续介质力学