An Outline of Geological Engineering Tongji University 2015.8
An Outline of Geological Engineering Tongji University 2015.8
Contents CHAPTER I:Introduction CHAPTER II:Common ground in engineering geology,soil mechanics and rock mechanics:past,present and future CHAPTER III:Geology CHAPTER IV:Hydrogeology CHAPTER V:Landslide CHAPTER VI:Groundwater Pollution:Remediation CHAPTER VII:Review on current status and challenging issues of land subsidence in China(Part I) CHAPTER VIII:Review on current status and challenging issues of land subsidence in China(Part II) CHAPTER IX:The disposal of high-level radioactive waste CHAPTER X The engineering geology of the TABARAK ABAD Dam
1 Contents CHAPTER I: Introduction CHAPTER II: Common ground in engineering geology, soil mechanics and rock mechanics: past, present and future CHAPTER III: Geology CHAPTER IV: Hydrogeology CHAPTER V: Landslide CHAPTER VI: Groundwater Pollution : Remediation CHAPTER VII : Review on current status and challenging issues of land subsidence in China (Part I) CHAPTER VIII: Review on current status and challenging issues of land subsidence in China (Part II) CHAPTER IX: The disposal of high-level radioactive waste CHAPTER X The engineering geology of the TABARAK ABAD Dam
CHAPTER I Introduction 1.GEOLOGY Definition.-Geology is the science of the earth in all its aspects,except those which deal with the relationship of the earth to other planets and to thesun ofour solar system.That aspect of the earth properly belongs to the science of Astronomy,for our earth is one of the heavenly bodies with which that science is concerned.It is true that this phase of the subject is often treated by the geologist under the name of astronomicalgeology,but in this place we shall consider it as belonging primarily to the field of astronomy.At the same time we shall recognize the importance to the student of at least a general understanding of these astronomical relations of the earth,and consider such an understanding a desirable pre- liminary preparation And thus we may consider that the study of the physical universe,.e.,the cosmos,which may be called the science of cosmology,has only the two primary divisions,astronomy and geology.This may be summarized as follows: 1.Astronomy.--The science of all the heavenly bodies including the earth COSMOLOGY their character,distribution,interrelations,movements,etc.,and the laws The science of which govern them. the universe 2.Geology.-The science which deals with the material structure,history etc.,of one of those bodies,i.e.,the earth. Such a view of the science of geology gives it an extremely comprehensive scope,and we must recognize that in ordinary parlance the term is used in a much more restricted sense. Nevertheless it is desirable to take this comprehensive view at the outset,and to note the several subdivisions into which such a broad science naturally falls,and with all of which the student of any one division should have at least a general acquaintance.We shall best get the proper view-point by first considering the earth in its entirety. 2.Engineering Engineering is the practical application of science and math to solve problems,and it is everywhere in the world around you.From the start to the end of each day.engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate,work.travel,stay healthy,and entertain ourselves. Engineers are problem-solvers who want to make things work more efficiently and quickly and less expensively.From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies,engineering makes our modern life possible.In particular,electrical engineers 2
2 CHAPTER I Introduction 1. GEOLOGY Definition. -- Geology is the science of the earth in all its aspects, except those which deal with the relationship of the earth to other planets and to the sun of our solar system. That aspect of the earth properly belongs to the science of Astronomy, for our earth is one of the heavenly bodies with which that science is concerned. It is true that this phase of the subject is often treated by the geologist under the name of astronomical geology, but in this place we shall consider it as belonging primarily to the field of astronomy. At the same time we shall recognize the importance to the student of at least a general understanding of these astronomical relations of the earth, and consider such an understanding a desirable preliminary preparation. And thus we may consider that the study of the physical universe, i.e., the cosmos, which may be called the science of cosmology, has only the two primary divisions, astronomy and geology. This may be summarized as follows: COSMOLOGY The science of the universe 1. Astronomy. -- The science of all the heavenly bodies including the earth, their character, distribution, interrelations, movements, etc., and the laws which govern them. 2. Geology. -- The science which deals with the material structure, history, etc., of one of those bodies, i.e., the earth. Such a view of the science of geology gives it an extremely comprehensive scope, and we must recognize that in ordinary parlance the term is used in a much more restricted sense. Nevertheless it is desirable to take this comprehensive view at the outset, and to note the several subdivisions into which such a broad science naturally falls, and with all of which the student of any one division should have at least a general acquaintance. We shall best get the proper view-point by first considering the earth in its entirety. 2. Engineering Engineering is the practical application of science and math to solve problems, and it is everywhere in the world around you. From the start to the end of each day, engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate, work, travel, stay healthy, and entertain ourselves. Engineers are problem-solvers who want to make things work more efficiently and quickly and less expensively. From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies, engineering makes our modern life possible. In particular, electrical engineers
and computer engineers have a wide range of study options and career paths that let them design,build,and manage those ideas into reality. 3.Geological engineering Definition:it is an interdisciplinary field,in which principles of geo-science are used to solve engineering and environmental problems.It connects geology,civil engineering and other fields (g.mining.geography.forestry)to provide a versatile set of skills applicable to a wide range of contemporary problems.The UBC program is an accredited engineering program.so our graduates hold full responsibilities as registered engineering professionals.The qualifications of a geological engineer are similar to those of a civil engineer with geotechnical or environmental specialization.However,our graduates have the advantage of better understanding of geological processes. Geological Engineering is the application of the earth sciences to human problems that relate to Earth and earth systems.It is a broad,interdisciplinary field with many specialty areas such as:Geotechnical site investigation for a variety of projects,rock and soil slope stability,Environmental site characterization and planning,Hydrogeology,groundwater studies and engineering.natural and manmade hazard investigations.exploration and development of fossil fuel and mineral deposits. A Bachelor of Science in Geological Engineering-will provide students with a broad background in science and engineering.A thorough foundation in geology and sufficient depth and breadth in the areas of humanities,social science and economics,ensure that they can function and communicate in an effective and responsible way in meeting the needs of society.Students will receive a thorough background in applied geophysics. which will support advanced engineering courses.To maximize the benefits to society. students will receive a balanced curriculum of junior and senior level engineering courses in energy resources,mineral resources,groundwater engineering and geomechanics. What do geological engineers do? They carry out site investigations for dams,plants,roads,railways.housing projects. mines and quarries,pipelines,petroleum production,forestry operations and a variety of other things.They interact with civil engineers to design essential parts of projects.They are responsible for environmental assessments,or clean-up activities where pollution has occurred.They prospect for minerals,building material resources and drinking water They carry out hazard and risk assessments and mapping for landslides and earthquakes No wonder that,with this wide variety of applications,our graduates are rarely out of work
3 and computer engineers have a wide range of study options and career paths that let them design, build, and manage those ideas into reality. 3. Geological engineering Definition: it is an interdisciplinary field, in which principles of geo-science are used to solve engineering and environmental problems. It connects geology, civil engineering and other fields (e.g. mining, geography, forestry) to provide a versatile set of skills applicable to a wide range of contemporary problems. The UBC program is an accredited engineering program, so our graduates hold full responsibilities as registered engineering professionals. The qualifications of a geological engineer are similar to those of a civil engineer with geotechnical or environmental specialization. However, our graduates have the advantage of better understanding of geological processes. Geological Engineering is the application of the earth sciences to human problems that relate to Earth and earth systems. It is a broad, interdisciplinary field with many specialty areas such as: Geotechnical site investigation for a variety of projects, rock and soil slope stability, Environmental site characterization and planning, Hydrogeology, groundwater studies and engineering, natural and manmade hazard investigations, exploration and development of fossil fuel and mineral deposits. A Bachelor of Science in Geological Engineering - will provide students with a broad background in science and engineering. A thorough foundation in geology and sufficient depth and breadth in the areas of humanities, social science and economics, ensure that they can function and communicate in an effective and responsible way in meeting the needs of society. Students will receive a thorough background in applied geophysics, which will support advanced engineering courses. To maximize the benefits to society, students will receive a balanced curriculum of junior and senior level engineering courses in energy resources, mineral resources, groundwater engineering and geomechanics. What do geological engineers do? They carry out site investigations for dams, plants, roads, railways, housing projects, mines and quarries, pipelines, petroleum production, forestry operations and a variety of other things. They interact with civil engineers to design essential parts of projects. They are responsible for environmental assessments, or clean-up activities where pollution has occurred. They prospect for minerals, building material resources and drinking water. They carry out hazard and risk assessments and mapping for landslides and earthquakes. No wonder that, with this wide variety of applications, our graduates are rarely out of work
There is a continuous transition between geology and engineering science and that most of us,as applied earth scientists,operate in this transition.There are several related professional disciplines: Engineering Geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures.materials and processes.as needed for engineering analysis and design. Geological Engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to design,involving rock,soil groundwater and mineral resources Geotechnical Engineering is the application of the science of soil mechanics,rock mechanics.engineering geology and other related disciplines to engineering and environmental projects Geo-environmental engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to the solution of environmental problems. Environmental geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures.materials and processes.as needed for the solution of environmental problems. The above definitions have been paraphrased and simplified by Dr.Oldrich Hungr from a number of existing published definitions and from definitions provided by respondents of a survey.The word "design"is understood as the function of making specific and quantitative plans for construction,corrective actions or policy Design may be concemed with civil or mining projects,as well as environmental protection and hazards management. 4.Jobs in Geological Engineering The field of geological has a wide scope and is relevant almost to all parts of the economy.Most of our graduates work for consulting engineering or environmental firms as specialists.Many are also employed by government agencies such as Ministries of Highways.Environment and Forests and large corporations such as BC Hydro Construction Geological engineering services are in great demand by Canada's construction industry. These geological engineers make sure that the rock and soil foundations for our highrises. bridges and tunnels are secure and stable.Their foundation designs must be able to withstand earthquakes which are likely in cities such as Vancouver and Montreal. Landslides in the mountains and permafrost and muskeg in our northern regions are some of the other problems faced by geological engineers.Often they interact with civil engineers in solving these geotechnical problems 4
4 There is a continuous transition between geology and engineering science and that most of us, as applied earth scientists, operate in this transition. There are several related professional disciplines: Engineering Geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures, materials and processes, as needed for engineering analysis and design. Geological Engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to design, involving rock, soil, groundwater and mineral resources. Geotechnical Engineering is the application of the science of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, engineering geology and other related disciplines to engineering and environmental projects. Geo-environmental engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to the solution of environmental problems. Environmental geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures, materials and processes, as needed for the solution of environmental problems. The above definitions have been paraphrased and simplified by Dr. Oldrich Hungr from a number of existing published definitions and from definitions provided by respondents of a survey. The word "design" is understood as the function of making specific and quantitative plans for construction, corrective actions or policy Design may be concerned with civil or mining projects, as well as environmental protection and hazards management. 4. Jobs in Geological Engineering The field of geological engineering has a wide scope and is relevant almost to all parts of the economy. Most of our graduates work for consulting engineering or environmental firms as specialists. Many are also employed by government agencies such as Ministries of Highways, Environment and Forests and large corporations such as BC Hydro. Construction Geological engineering services are in great demand by Canada's construction industry. These geological engineers make sure that the rock and soil foundations for our highrises, bridges and tunnels are secure and stable. Their foundation designs must be able to withstand earthquakes which are likely in cities such as Vancouver and Montreal. Landslides in the mountains and permafrost and muskeg in our northern regions are some of the other problems faced by geological engineers. Often they interact with civil engineers in solving these geotechnical problems