separately by the relevant codes. 3.2.7 For the serviceability limit states,the characteristic combination,the frequent combinationor the quasi-permanent combination of loads shall be adopted in accordance with the different require- ments of design,and the design shall be caried on according to the design expressions as follows: S≤C (3.2.7) Where c- -The stipulated limiting values,which denote the structures or the structural members reaching the requirements of normal service,such as the limiting values of deforma- tion,crack,amplitude of vibration,acceleration,stress and etc.,shall be adopted according to the stipulations in the different relevant design codes of building stu tures 3.2.8 The design values Sfor the characteristic combination,the combination of load effects shall be adopted in accordance with the following fommula: S=Sa+S+Soa (3.2.8) Note:Theig ainthemiitableor the odad odefectin thin 3.2.The design values Sfor the frequent combination,the combination of load effects shall be adopted in with the following formula: S Sa yaSo+aon (3.2.9) Whereeffc for frquent vale of variable lodshall beaopted cordthe stipulations in the different Chapters of the Code; -coefficient for quasi-permanent value of variable load shall be adopted according to the stipulations in the different Chapters of the Code Note:The design values in the combination are suitable for the loads and load effects in the linear condition. 3.2.10 The design values Sfor the quasi-permanent combination,the combination of load effects shall be adopted in accordance with the following formula: S=S+So (3.2.10) 9
4 Live Loads on Floors and Roofs 4.1 Uniform Live Loads on Floors in Civil Buildings 4.1.1 The characteristic value and the coefficients for combination value,frequent value and quasi-permanent value of uiform live loads on floors in civil buildings shall be taken according to the stipulations in the Table 4.1.1. Table 4.1.1 The Characteristic Value and the Coefficients for Combination Value,Frequent Value and Quasi-Permanent Value of Uniform Live Loads on Floors in Civil Buildings Coefficient for Coefficient for Coefficient for Type Characteristic quasi-permanent ination value (kN/m) frequent value value valueΨc Ψ 明4 (1)Dwelling,hostel,hotel,of 0.5 0.4 1 sroom,laboratory 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 ling room,mee eting roo Canteen,dining-hall,ordinary archives 2.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 (1)Assembly hall,theater, 3.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 cinema,grand-stands with fixed 3 seats (2)Laundry 3.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 (1)Stores and shops,exhibi- 3.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 tion hall,station,port,airport 4 hall and waiting room for passen- gers (2)Stands without fixed seat 3.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 48 0.7 0.7 8 0.5 0.3 (1)Storehouse for collecting 5.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 (2)Densely bookcase store 12.0 house 1 Ventilator motor room,eleva- tor motor room 7.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0
em Characteristic Coefficient for No Type combination value (kN/m) value Ve Automobile passage and garage: 1 one way slab flo s not less than 2m fire 0 87 07 86 (2)with two-way slab and flat slab floor,(column net work size is not less than6m×6m】 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 Kitchen(1)ordinary 2.0 0.7 (2》for dining hall 4.0 0.7 89 0.5 07 0.5 (2)for other civil building 87 0.6 entrance hall,staircas （)Hostel,bote, tal ward,kindergartens,dwellin 2.0 0.5 0.4 11 (3)a edstaiCepart 2.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 rcase,ot er civil buildings 3.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 Balcony: 1）ordinary 2.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 tion may be con 3.5 Note:1 listed in this table r the eater or the e 2 the live lod o storeh se for collecting books, when the height of bookshelr is lbe determined according to 3 In the itcm八88，be ivead ;when the c is of the local load of truck wheel shall be this table ad according to the 4 In the ite the past ade fae all be 5 The self-weight of partition wall and the sec nd' uhen th additional value (kN/m)of the live load on flo is not less 1.0 kN/m
4.1.2 For design of foor beams,walls,columns and foundations,the characteristic values of the live load on floors listed in the Table 4.1.1 shall be multiplied by the following specified re- duction coefficients. 1 Reduction coefficients for design of floor beams: 1)Item No.1 (1),when the tributary area of floor beams is larger than 25m,the0.9 shall be taken; 2)Item No.1(2)~7,when the tributary area of floor beams is larger than 50m2,the 0.9 shall be taken; 3)Item No.8,for secondary beams of one-way slab floors and longitudinal ribs of channel stabs,the .8 shall be taken;for main beams of one e-way slab floors,the 0.6 shall be taken;for beams of two-way slab floors,the 0.8 shall be taken; 4)Item No.9~12 the reduction coefficients,which belong in same kind of buildings shall be adopted. 2 Reduction coefficients for the design of walls,columns and foundations 1)Item No.1(1),the stipulations in the Table 4.1.2 shall be adopted; 2)Item No,1(2)~7,the reduction coefficients,which belong in same as floor beams,shall be adopted; 3)Item No.8,for one-way slab floors,that the 0.5 shall be taken;for two-way slab floors and flat slab floors,the .8 shall be taken; 4)Item No.9-12,the reduction coefficients,which belong in same kind of buildings, shall be adopted. Note:The for beams,which shall be determined n with the range of the both sides of beam tohaf along the adja cent beams. Table 4.1.2 Reduction Coefficient of Live Load According to the Number of Storeys in a Building The mumber of storeys above the calculated 1 2-3 4-5 6-8 9-20 >20 Reduction the total live loads 1.00 0.85 0.70 0.65 0.6 0.55 on each oor above the calculated sectio (0.90) Note:The value in brackets is adopted when the tributaryarea of the beam is larger then25 4.1.3 The local load on the floor structure can be converted to the equivalent uniform live load ac cording to the stipulations in Appendix Bof the Code. 4.2 Live Loads on Floors in Industrial Buildings 4.2.1 During the manufacturing,installation and maintenance periods,the local loads on floors in industrial buildings caused byquipment,pipes,conveyances and removable partitions shall be adopt- ed in conideration of actual conditions,and can be replaced by equivalent uniform loads 12
Note:1 The the live the of the Code. 2 Values listed in Apperdix C of the Code can be adopted when there are in lack of data for ordinary work- ning and weaving,food and grain processing and tire productions. 4.2.2 For operating loads on floors(including working platforms)in equipment free zones of indus- trial buildings,including the self-weight of operators,common tools,fragmentary materials and prod- ucts,they all can be considered as a uniform live load of 2.0kN/m Live loads on staircases in workshops can be adopted according to actual conditions,but cannot be less than 3.5 kN/m2. 4.2.3 The coefficients for combination values,the coefficients for frequent values and the coeffi- cients for quasi-pemmanent values of the live loads on floors in industrial buildings,besides they are given in the Appendix Cof the Code,shall be adopted in accordance with the actual conditions,but in any cases,the coefficients for combination values and for frequent values shall not be less than 0.7, the coefficients for quasi-permanent values shall not be less than 0.6. 4.3 Live Loads on Roofs 4.3.1 Uniform live loads for horizontal projection of roofs on buildings shall be adopted ac- cording to the Table 4.3.1 Uniform live loads on roofs shall not be combined simultaneously with snow loads. Table 4.3.1 Uniform Live Loads on Roofs Characteristic Coefficient for Coefficient Coefficient for Item Type combination for frequent uasi-permanent No. (kN/m) value We valueΨg 1 Unmanned roof 0.5 0.7 0.5 0 2 Manned roof 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 Roof garden 3.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 Note:1 The umanned roof.when the construction or maintenance loads are beavy.that the actual con structures,it is right to increase or decrease0.2 kN/m for characteristic values. 2 The manned roof,which takes accout of other uses,its corresponding live load on floors shall be adopted. 3 The ponding loadon theoof,which iscsed due to the impeded drainage,drainage blocked up and etc.,the detailing measures for precaution shall be taken;if necessary,its live load on roof- ing shall be determined by the possible depth of ponding. 4 The live load for roof grden is not including the self-weight of soi,stone,materials in the fower nursery and etc. 4.3.2 Helicopter park load on the oof,which is conidered as the local load,shall be taken in ac 13