Global wind The major wind systems of the Earth result from the atterns upward movement of warm air around the equator, which is replaced by cooler air coming form the mouth and south, forming the trade winds. The Coriolus effect(caused by the Earth's rotation) deflects moving air to the right in the northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds meet just to the north of the equator in the intertropical convergence zone(ITCz). At 40 orth and southwesterly, upper atmosphere jet stream winds occur. Ice packs at the poles increase the surface reflectance(or albedo)which reduces the heating of the air, resulting in zones of dense cold air
The major wind systems of the Earth result from the upward movement of warm air around the equator, which is replaced by cooler air coming form the mouth and south, forming the trade winds. The Coriolus effect (caused by the Earth’s rotation) deflects moving air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds meet just to the north of the equator in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). At 40。 North and southwesterly, upper atmosphere ‘jet stream’ winds occur. Ice packs at the poles increase the surface reflectance (or ‘albedo’) which reduces the heating of the air, resulting in zones of dense cold air. Global wind patterns
洋流 风搅动着地球上的海洋,信风将海水掀起海浪冲向大 陆,造成海平面的不平衡。例如,北美洲的海平面在 大西洋一侧比太平洋一侧高一两米,这种差异形成了 洋流。因此,如在加勒比海堆聚的温暖海水,沿着美 洲海岸向北移动,即墨西哥湾流,然后转向欧洲北部, 对欧洲具有显著的增温作用。 降雨 潮湿的空气遇冷形成降雨。温暖的空气比冷空气携带 更多的水,所以冷即使热空气凝结成小水滴,并以雨 的形式降落。例如,如果空气在海上流过,然后沿山 上升,这空气将以绝热温度递减率冷却,即每上升 1000m温度下降6~10℃,这还取决于空气中的含水量 并将导致降雨。空气翻越过山后,将下降并被压缩变 暖,导致在山的背风面形成雨影
洋 流 风搅动着地球上的海洋，信风将海水掀起海浪冲向大 陆，造成海平面的不平衡。例如，北美洲的海平面在 大西洋一侧比太平洋一侧高一两米，这种差异形成了 洋流。因此，如在加勒比海堆聚的温暖海水，沿着美 洲海岸向北移动，即墨西哥湾流，然后转向欧洲北部， 对欧洲具有显著的增温作用。 降 雨 潮湿的空气遇冷形成降雨。温暖的空气比冷空气携带 更多的水，所以冷即使热空气凝结成小水滴，并以雨 的形式降落。例如，如果空气在海上流过，然后沿山 上升，这空气将以绝热温度递减率冷却，即每上升 1000m温度下降6~10℃，这还取决于空气中的含水量， 并将导致降雨。空气翻越过山后，将下降并被压缩变 暖，导致在山的背风面形成雨影
The worlds oceans are stirred by winds. Trade winds pile up water The circulation of against continents, causing an imbalance in sea levels. For example, in oceans North America sea levels are lor 2 m higher on the Atlantic side than the Pacific side. This difference drives oceanic currents thus for instance, warm water piled up in the Caribbean moves northwards along the American coast as the Gulf Stream and then veers towards northern Europe, where it provides a strong warming influence Rain falls when moist air cools Warm air can hold more water than Rain cool air, so cooling causes water droplets to condense and fall as rain. If, for example, air travels over sea and then rises over a mountain, the air will cool at the adiabatic lapse rate, which is 6-10C km-1 de[ending on water content, and rainfall will result, After crossing the mountains, the air will descend and warm as it is compressed, leading to a rain shadow on the lee side of a mountain
The world’s oceans are stirred by winds. Trade winds pile up water against continents,causing an imbalance in sea levels. For example, in North America sea levels are 1or 2 m higher on the Atlantic side than the Pacific side. This difference drives oceanic currents, thus, for instance, warm water piled up in the Caribbean moves northwards along the American coast as the Gulf Stream and then veers towards northern Europe, where it provides a strong warming influence. Rain falls when moist air cools. Warm air can hold more water than cool air, so cooling causes water droplets to condense and fall as rain. If, for example, air travels over sea and then rises over a mountain, the air will cool at the adiabatic lapse rate, which is 6-10℃ km-1, de[ending on water content, and rainfall will result, After crossing the mountains, the air will descend and warm as it is compressed, leading to a rain shadow on the lee side of a mountain. The circulation of oceans Rain
灾 热带海洋的静止状态可导致风暴。在数天内,温暖海 水上方空气的极微小运动,可能被突然升起的一些暖 空气柱扰乱,引起海水表面的风卷进不断升起的空气 柱中。上升的空气饱含了水分,在上升过程中,空气 膨胀并冷却。水蒸汽转变为水滴,释放凝结热,并提 供能量进一步推动此过程,这就可能发展成飓风 相关主题微气候(C2) 生态系统格局〈S1)
灾 害 热带海洋的静止状态可导致风暴。在数天内，温暖海 水上方空气的极微小运动，可能被突然升起的一些暖 空气柱扰乱，引起海水表面的风卷进不断升起的空气 柱中。上升的空气饱含了水分，在上升过程中，空气 膨胀并冷却。水蒸汽转变为水滴，释放凝结热，并提 供能量进一步推动此过程，这就可能发展成飓风。 相关主题 微气候（C2） 生态系统格局（S1）
Havoc Static conditions in tropical oceans can lead o storms Minimal movement of air over warm water over a period of days can be disrupted by columns of warm air suddenly rising. resulting in surface winds being sucked into the rising column. The rising air is saturated with water and as it rises the air expands and cools. The water vapor turns into droplets, which release their heat of condensation and provide energy go further fuel the process, which may develop into a hurricane Related topics Microclimate(C2) Ecosystem patterns(S1)
Static conditions in tropical oceans can lead o storms. Minimal movement of air over warm water over a period of days can be disrupted by columns of warm air suddenly rising, resulting in surface winds being sucked into the rising column. The rising air is saturated with water and as it rises the air expands and cools. The water vapor turns into droplets, which release their heat of condensation and provide energy go further fuel the process, which may develop into a hurricane. Related topics Microclimate (C2) Ecosystem patterns(S1) Havoc