Pre-modern medicine: Industrial revolution 火车 comotive 轮船 George Stephenson Steamer boat English Inventor Founder of railroads F1G.5一The“ octet.1829 1781-1848 (George Stephenson 1781-1848) and his locomotive(1829)
Pre-modern Medicine: Industrial revolution (George Stephenson 1781-1848) and his locomotive（1829） 火车 Locomotive 轮船 Steamer boat
近代医学发展的影响因素:工业革命 The starting point-textile industry Superintendent and spinner in North Carolina textile mill, 1909 One-quarter of the employees in this mill were this girl's age or younger 以户P声Pbyv↓y 珍妮纺纱机 Spinner Jenny
近代医学发展的影响因素：工业革命 珍妮纺纱机 Spinner Jenny The starting point-textile industry
Pre-modern medicine: Scientific revolution Laws of motion: ea 1,First law Law of Inertia 2. Second law f=ma 3. Third law Action=Reaction Universal gravitation Isaac Newton1642-172790(%90emm购时点e贴 First law: if there is no net fo ct is either at rest he acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, ie F=ma Third law When a first body exerts a force F, on a second body the second nodysimaitaneously exerts aforce on the Rand F2are equalin magnitude and opposite in dire
Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific revolution Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Laws of Motion: 1. First law: Law of Inertia 2. Second law F=ma 3. Third law: Action=Reaction Universal Gravitation First law: If there is no net force on an object, then its velocity is constant. The object is either at rest (if its velocity is equal to zero), or it moves with constant speed in a single direction.[ Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = ma. Third law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific thinking methodology (Enlightenment")Descartes'rationalism and Bacon 's empiricism had to be combined to produce the modern scientific method 培根 Francis bacon1561-1626 According to Bacon, scientists should experiment freely and collect facts about everything in the world, until in due time the accumulation of facts would make clear the way nature behaves, from the storehouse of accumulated facts scientists would induce the laws of nature.(inductive methodology) Knowledge itself is power 笛卡儿 Rene descartes1596-1650 According to Descartes, scientists should deduce the laws of nature by pure reason, starting from the axioms of mathematics and our knowledge of the existence of God. Experiments needed to be done only to verify that the logical deduction of the laws of nature was correct. deductive methodology His aphorism is I think therefore I am ③=
Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific thinking & methodology (“Enlightenment”) Descartes' rationalism and Bacon's empiricism had to be combined to produce the modern scientific method 培根 Francis Bacon 1561-1626 According to Bacon, scientists should experiment freely and collect facts about everything in the world, until in due time the accumulation of facts would make clear the way nature behaves. From the storehouse of accumulated facts, scientists would induce the laws of nature. (inductive methodology ) Knowledge itself is power 笛卡儿 Rene Descartes 1596-1650 According to Descartes, scientists should deduce the laws of nature by pure reason, starting from the axioms of mathematics and our knowledge of the existence of God. Experiments needed to be done only to verify that the logical deduction of the laws of nature was correct. (deductive methodology) His aphorism is I think therefore I am
Pre-modern medicine: chemical school Clatrochemie) ,应少 o Flemish physician philosopher mystic, and chemist o van helmont demonstrated that acid was the digestive element in the stomach and was neutralized by alkali in the intestine and that blood combined with a"ferment from the air o His theory of "ferments"as the agents bringing about physiological processes is a crude precursor of the idea of enzymes Jan baptista van helmont ( fermentum) (1580-1644)
Pre-modern medicine: chemical school （Iatrochemie） Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic, and chemist van Helmont demonstrated that acid was the digestive element in the stomach and was neutralized by alkali in the intestine and that blood combined with a “ferment from the air”. His theory of “ferments” as the agents bringing about physiological processes is a crude precursor of the idea of enzymes (fermentum). Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580 -1644)