Unit One Section A Time-Conscious americans I. Background information 1.Time Orientation Americans place considerable value on punctuality. Because they tend to organize their activities by means of schedules, they may seem harried, always running from one thing to the next and unable to relax and enjoy themselves. Since Americans are so time conscious, the pace of life may seem very hectic( 5k B]). Being on time is regarded as very important, and in the U.S.most people make an effort to arrive on time. Not all Americans are punctual, but almost everyone is conscious of time. Different types of activities have different conventions. One should arrive at the exact time specified for meals, and for appointments with professors, doctors, and other professionals. You can arrive any time between the hours specified for parties, receptions, and cocktail parties. Plan to arrive a few minutes before the specified time for public meetings, plays, concerts, movies, sports events, classes, church services, and weddings. If you are unable to keep an appointment, it is expected that you inform the other party that you will be late or unable to arrive 2. Hourglass a glass container holding fine sand for measuring time, which is narrow in the middle like a figure 8 so that the sand inside can run slowly from the top half to the bottom taking exactly one 沙漏:一种装上细沙以用来测量时间的玻璃容器,其颈部细小,形状象一个8字,使得上半部 的沙子能缓慢地流到下半部中,其时间正好是一个小时。 3. Proverbs of time Read the following proverbs. Have you ever learnt them? What are the Chinese versions for them? 1). Time works wonders.时间创造奇迹 2) Time tries truth.时间检验真理 3) Time is the best healer.时间是治愈创伤的良药 4). Time and tide wait for no man.时间不等人。(时不我待。) 5). All time is no time when it is past.机不可失,时不再来 6) An inch of time can not be bought by an inch of gold.寸金难买寸光阴 II. Text Analysis Understanding the organization of the text Main idea of the text Americans value time and save time carefully. In their eyes, time is regarded as precious resource a person who tends to waste his own time or that of others is never accepted in American culture Consequently, Americans try every means to save time in their daily life business and work so as to make every minute count. Besides, to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in U.S. A is taken s a sign of skillfulness or being competent. Structure Part One-( paras. 1-2) Americans value time and save time carefully. Time is regarded as _ precious resources Part Two-(paras. 3-7)
Unit One Section A Time-Conscious Americans I. Background information 1.Time Orientation Americans place considerable value on punctuality. Because they tend to organize their activities by means of schedules, they may seem harried, always running from one thing to the next and unable to relax and enjoy themselves. Since Americans are so time conscious, the pace of life may seem very hectic(紧张的). Being on time is regarded as very important, and in the U.S. most people make an effort to arrive on time. Not all Americans are punctual, but almost everyone is conscious of time. Different types of activities have different conventions. One should arrive at the exact time specified for meals, and for appointments with professors, doctors, and other professionals. You can arrive any time between the hours specified for parties, receptions, and cocktail parties. Plan to arrive a few minutes before the specified time for public meetings, plays, concerts, movies, sports events, classes, church services, and weddings. If you are unable to keep an appointment, it is expected that you inform the other party that you will be late or unable to arrive. 2. Hourglass A glass container holding fine sand for measuring time, which is narrow in the middle like a figure 8 so that the sand inside can run slowly from the top half to the bottom taking exactly one hour. 沙漏：一种装上细沙以用来测量时间的玻璃容器，其颈部细小，形状象一个8字，使得上半部 的沙子能缓慢地流到下半部中，其时间正好是一个小时。 3. Proverbs of time Read the following proverbs. Have you ever learnt them? What are the Chinese versions for them? 1). Time works wonders. 时间创造奇迹。 2). Time tries truth. 时间检验真理。 3). Time is the best healer. 时间是治愈创伤的良药。 4). Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人。（时不我待。） 5). All time is no time when it is past. 机不可失，时不再来。 6).An inch of time can not be bought by an inch of gold. 寸金难买寸光阴。 II. Text Analysis Understanding the organization of the text Main idea of the text Americans value time and save time carefully. In their eyes, time is regarded as precious resource. A person who tends to waste his own time or that of others is never accepted in American culture. Consequently, Americans try every means to save time in their daily life, business and work so as to make every minute count. Besides, to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in U.S.A is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent. Structure Part One―( paras. 1―2) Americans value time and save time carefully. Time is regarded as precious resources. Part Two―(paras.3―7)
Americans try every means to save time. They save time in their daily life, business and work as well. They also create a series of devices to improve efficiency Part Three (paras. 8) Saving time is regarded as a sign of skillfulness or being competent. II. Language points Phrases result(L 2) Acting before thinking always results in failing.( cause, lead to)没有经过思考的行动总是导 致失败 The accident resulted from his careless driving.( be caused by)事故是由于他的粗心驾驶造成 的 The accident the death of two people 事故导致两人死亡。 The childs illness eating unclean food 孩子的生病是因吃了不干净的事物引起的。( result from) a love marriage,however, does not necessarily much sharing of interests and responsibilities (CET-4 96.1) a take over b result in c. hold on d keep to Key:b然而有爱情的婚姻未必会使夫妇利益共享,责任共担 2. nothing but. (L5) Dont have him for a friend: he is nothing but a criminal.(只有,只不过) 不要跟他做朋友,他只不过是个罪犯 屋里除了一张桌子以外什么也没有 There is nothing in the room but a table.(除了以外没有什么) 注意: nothing but前或之间出现实意动词do一词时,but后要跟上不带to的不定式 但是, nothing but前且之间没有出现实意动词do一词时,but后要跟上带to的不 定式 t: They could do nothing but go home on foot. 他们只能步行回家 They could say nothing but to keep silent. 他们无话可说,只能保持沉默 3. charge(L7) How much do you charge for a washing car? (v. ask an amount as a pricey 你们洗一部车要多少钱 单人房每夜要收费200元
Americans try every means to save time. They save time in their daily life , business and work as well. They also create a series of devices to improve efficiency. Part Three (paras. 8) Saving time is regarded as a sign of skillfulness or being competent. III. Language Points Phrases 1. result (L.2) Acting before thinking always results in failing. （cause, lead to）没有经过思考的行动总是导 致失败。 The accident resulted from his careless driving. (be caused by)事故是由于他的粗心驾驶造成 的。 The accident________ the death of two people 事故导致两人死亡。 (resulted in) The child’s illness ________eating unclean food. 孩子的生病是因吃了不干净的事物引起的。 ( result from ) A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _____ much sharing of interests and responsibilities. (CET-4 96.1) a. take over b. result in c. hold on d. keep to Key: b 然而有爱情的婚姻未必会使夫妇利益共享，责任共担。 2. nothing but… (L.5) Don’t have him for a friend: he is nothing but a criminal. ( 只有，只不过) 不要跟他做朋友，他只不过是个罪犯。 屋里除了一张桌子以外什么也没有。 There is nothing in the room but a table. （除了……以外没有什么） 注意：nothing but 前或之间出现实意动词 do 一词时，but 后要跟上不带 to 的不定式； 但是，nothing but 前且之间没有出现实意动词do一词时，but 后要跟上带to 的不 定式。 如：They could do nothing but go home on foot. 他们只能步行回家。 They could say nothing but to keep silent. 他们无话可说，只能保持沉默。 3. charge (L.7) How much do you charge for a washing car? （v. ask an amount as a price收费） 你们洗一部车要多少钱？ 单人房每夜要收费200元
只要你预先付款,我们不收你送货费。 As long as you have paid advance, we wont charge you for the delivery. 4. count (L. 11) She's the only person that really counts around here. (v be important 她是这周围唯一有影响力的人 For them, what counts is nothing but money. 对他们来说,重要的只有钱 温故知新: What matters is this whoever she was. aunt Esther Gubbins was right. Unit 6-A. Book 1) 5. beyond (L.20) Understanding this article is beyond my capacity(prep.超出,出乎,为…所不能及) 我看不懂这篇文章。 Do you know the English expression of the following 出乎某人的预料 beyond one' s expectation 非我力所能及: beyond my ability 做梦都想不到: bevond one' s dream 够不着 beyond ones reach 不能再修复 beyond repair 6. assess(L. 27) The annual income of school teachers in this place was assessed at $900. (v to estimate the value of sth.评价估价) 这地方的学校教师的收入为900美元 要评价新法令的效果现在还为时过早。 It is too early to assess the effects of the new law 词语辨析: assess v.常用表示对收入,财产等进行“估价”(常作为课税或罚款等的根据) estimate v.指一种猜测性的“估价、估计”,强调其估计结果可能是错误的; evaluate v.强调评定人或物的价值 All the experts presented found it very difficult to assess the value of the antique 所有在场的专家都觉很难对这件古玩进行估价 It was difficult to estimate how many people had beer 很难估计有多少人在地震中受伤(Un4A, Book I Every term students are given the opportunity to evaluate their instructors qU 7
We charge 200 dollars for a single room one night. 只要你预先付款，我们不收你送货费。 As long as you have paid advance, we won’t charge you for the delivery. 4. count (L.11) She’s the only person that really counts around here. （v. be important） 她是这周围唯一有影响力的人。 For them, what counts is nothing but money. 对他们来说，重要的只有钱。 温故知新： What matters is this: whoever she was, Aunt Esther Gubbins was right.（Unit 6―A, Book I） 5. beyond (L.20) Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. (prep. 超出，出乎，为……所不能及) 我看不懂这篇文章。 Do you know the English expression of the following: 出乎某人的预料 beyond one’s expectation 非我力所能及： beyond my ability 做梦都想不到： beyond one’s dream 够不着 beyond one’s reach 不能再修复 beyond repair 6. assess (L.27) The annual income of school teachers in this place was assessed at＄900. （v. to estimate the value of sth..评价,估价） 这地方的学校教师的收入为900美元。 要评价新法令的效果现在还为时过早。 It is too early to assess the effects of the new law. 词语辨析： assess v. 常用表示对收入，财产等进行“估价”（常作为课税或罚款等的根据）； estimate v. 指一种猜测性的“估价、估计”，强调其估计结果可能是错误的； evaluate v. 强调评定人或物的价值 All the experts presented found it very difficult to assess the value of the antique. 所有在场的专家都觉很难对这件古玩进行估价。 It was difficult to estimate how many people had been wounded in the earthquake. 很难估计有多少人在地震中受伤(Unit4-A, Book I). Every term students are given the opportunity to evaluate their instructors. (Unit 8-B, Book 1) 7. generally (L.29)
Generally, the student go to the library three times a week. (ad. usually) 这学生一般每周去图书馆三次 人们普遍认为吸烟有害健康 that smoking is bad for health. (ad by most people, widely) It is generally agreed / believed 8. consequently (L 32 The bank refused to help the company; consequently it went out of business. (ad. as a result 银行拒绝帮助这家公司,公司因此倒闭了 The documents are not ready. Consequently we cannot sign them 文件还没准备好,所以我们无法签署 given (L. 35) Given their inexperience, they've done a good job. prep considering 考虑到他们缺乏经验,他们算做得不错了。 they've done a good job. Given that they are inexperienced 假如天气好,我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海 Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening.( If provided.) Notice that"given"is followed by a noun phrase, while"given that"is followed by a finite 10. increasingly(L. 40) The increasingly dull nature of many industrial jobs has led to the alienation of many workers (ad. more and more) 许多工业工作越来越单调刻板,导致很多工人离心离德的倾向。 People are increasingly aware of the importance of being healthy 人们越来越意识到健康的重要性 Due to the change the weather, we gave up our plan. ( because of) 由于天气变化,我们放弃了计划 e areas their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated due to b. in spite of Key:a有些地区由于气候恶劣很少有人居住 12. whereas(L 47 They want a house, whereas/while we would rather live in a flat(conj. but, while 他们想住一所房子,可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里 Their country has plenty of 他们国家石油丰富,而我们国家则一点也没有。 (whereas/ while ours has none) 有的大学生想毕业后立刻挣大钱,而有的学生却想读研究生
Generally, the student go to the library three times a week. (ad. usually) 这学生一般每周去图书馆三次。 人们普遍认为吸烟有害健康。 ________________that smoking is bad for health. (ad. by most people, widely) It is generally agreed／believed 8. consequently (L.32) The bank refused to help the company; consequently it went out of business. （ad. as a result） 银行拒绝帮助这家公司，公司因此倒闭了。 The documents are not ready. Consequently we cannot sign them. 文件还没准备好，所以我们无法签署。 9. given（L.35）Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. ( prep. considering ) 考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们算做得不错了。 ______________, they’ve done a good job. Given that they are inexperienced 假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。 Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening. ( If provided…) Notice that “given” is followed by a noun phrase, while “given that” is followed by a finite clause. 10. increasingly (L.40) The increasingly dull nature of many industrial jobs has led to the alienation of many workers. ( ad. more and more) 许多工业工作越来越单调刻板,导致很多工人离心离德的倾向。 People are increasingly aware of the importance of being healthy. 人们越来越意识到健康的重要性。 11. due to (L.46) Due to the change the weather, we gave up our plan. (because of) 由于天气变化，我们放弃了计划。 Some areas, _____their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated. a. due to b. in spite of c. but for d. with regard to Key: a 有些地区由于气候恶劣很少有人居住。 12. whereas (L.47) They want a house, whereas/while we would rather live in a flat. (conj. but, while) 他们想住一所房子, 可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里。 Their country has plenty of oil, ______________. 他们国家石油丰富, 而我们国家则一点也没有。 (whereas/ while ours has none) 有的大学生想毕业后立刻挣大钱，而有的学生却想读研究生
Some students want to make big money right after graduation from university, wheras some other students want to go to graduate schools competent (L.52) Although he received little education, he is competent for the work.(a.有能力的,胜任的) 虽然他没受什么教育,但他仍胜任这项工作。 词语辨析: competent,只用作褒义,主语通常是人,表示“胜任的,有能力的”,常用于 be competent for” able也只用作褒义,主语通常也必须是有生命的人或动物,表示“有才能的,能够的”,常 用于“ be able to capable则可以表示褒义与贬义,不仅可用于有生命的人或动物,还可以用于无生命的 事物,表示“(褒义)有…能力的;(贬义)能干得出…的,敢于的”,常用于 be capable He was one of those who are of playing all kinds of tricks. capable Although he received little education, he is to do the work. able When Chinese football team has won several games, people began to think that this Yugoslavian 14. fulfill (L53) He has fulfilled the orders that I gave him. (v. carry out, complete) 他完成了我给他的命令。 They fulfilled their work ahead of time as we did ours 同我们一样,他们也提前完成了任务 15. fall behind: 1) become bit by bit further behind 2)(with) fail to finish at the proper time fall behind in science 在科学方面落后 fall behind one' s competitors落后于竞争对手 fall behind with the rent拖欠房租 16. account for 1)give a satisfactory explanation about(how sth. is used) 2)be the cause or origin of Jenny had to account to her husband for every penny she spent 珍妮不得不向丈夫说明每一个便士是怎么花的 North Sea oil accounts for a high proportion of our trade earnings 北海石油占我国贸易收入的很大一部分 17. race through: do sth in a hurry The government raced the new law through all its stages so as to complete it before the election 18. abrupt ad. an abrupt attitude无礼的态度 an abrupt change of policy突然改变政策 an abrupt drop in oil prices油价突降 当我询问她的新工作时,她对我态度非常粗鲁 When I asked her about her new job, she was quite abrupt with me 19. whereas conj. but, in contrast: while We thought she did not like us, whereas in fact she was very shy 我们以为她不喜欢我们,然而事实是因为她很害羞 They want a house whereas/while we would rather live in a flat 他们想住一所房子,可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里
Some students want to make big money right after graduation from university, wheras some other students want to go to graduate schools. 13. competent (L.52) Although he received little education, he is competent for the work.. ( a. 有能力的，胜任的) 虽然他没受什么教育，但他仍胜任这项工作。 词语辨析： competent，只用作褒义，主语通常是人，表示“胜任的，有能力的”，常用于“be competent for” able也只用作褒义，主语通常也必须是有生命的人或动物，表示“有才能的, 能够的”，常 用于“be able to” capable 则可以表示褒义与贬义，不仅可用于有生命的人或动物，还可以用于无生命的 事物，表示（“ 褒义）有…能力的；（贬义）能干得出…的，敢于…的”，常用于“be capable of” He was one of those who are ______of playing all kinds of tricks. capable Although he received little education, he is______ to do the work.. able When Chinese football team has won several games, people began to think that this Yugoslavian coach is _________. competent 14. fulfill (L.53) He has fulfilled the orders that I gave him. (v. carry out, complete) 他完成了我给他的命令。 They fulfilled their work ahead of time as we did ours. 同我们一样，他们也提前完成了任务。 15. fall behind: 1) become bit by bit further behind 2) (with) fail to finish at the proper time fall behind in science 在科学方面落后 fall behind one’s competitors 落后于竞争对手 fall behind with the rent 拖欠房租 16. account for 1) give a satisfactory explanation about (how sth. is used) 2) be the cause or origin of Jenny had to account to her husband for every penny she spent. 珍妮不得不向丈夫说明每一个便士是怎么花的。 North Sea oil accounts for a high proportion of our trade earnings. 北海石油占我国贸易收入的很大一部分 17. race through: do sth. in a hurry The government raced the new law through all its stages so as to complete it before the election 18. abrupt adj. an abrupt attitude 无礼的态度 an abrupt change of policy 突然改变政策 an abrupt drop in oil prices 油价突降 当我询问她的新工作时, 她对我态度非常粗鲁。 When I asked her about her new job, she was quite abrupt with me. 19. whereas conj. but, in contrast: while We thought she did not like us, whereas in fact she was very shy. 我们以为她不喜欢我们，然而事实是因为她很害羞。 They want a house, whereas/while we would rather live in a flat. 他们想住一所房子, 可我们宁愿住在一套公寓房里