Physical examination Heart rate Rhythm Murmurs Laboratory examination Electrocardiography(ECG) Echocardiograph Ambulatory ECG(Holter Monitoring
Physical examination — Heart rate, — Rhythm, — Murmurs Laboratory examination — Electrocardiography (ECG), — Echocardiography — Ambulatory ECG (Holter Monitoring)
Physical Diagnosis Cyanosis y
Physical Diagnosis Cyanosis
Definition of cyanosis a bluish color of skin and mucous membranes, in lips, nail beds and malar eminences, caused by increased amount of reduced hemoglobin(Hb)or abnormal Hb derivatives in blood
Definition of cyanosis A bluish color of skin and mucous membranes, in lips, nail beds and malar eminences, caused by increased amount of reduced hemoglobin(Hb) or abnormal Hb derivatives in blood
Mechanisms of cyanosis Caused by absolute increase of amount of reduced Hb in blood, usually 5g/dl(capillary) The higher the hemoglobin concentration The greater tendency toward cyanosis gdI 20 18 16 15 口 Total Hb 12 □R-Hb 10 8 b orm Polycythemia Anemia
15 5 20 5 5 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Total Hb R-Hb Normal Polycythemia Anemia g/dl Mechanisms of Cyanosis Caused by absolute increase of amount of reduced Hb in blood, usually > 5g/dl (capillary) The higher the hemoglobin concentration, The greater tendency toward cyanosis