非经盟国家事故死亡频率FatalityFrequenciesin non-OECDCountries比较1969-2000间非经合组织国家能源事故发生导致死亡发生频率和死亡率的曲线。Comparisonof non-OECD countries.Nuclear isbased onChernobyldata.1.E+0事煤-中国1.E-1故Coal液化气LNG导致一1.E-2死亡发生水力Hydro1.E-3核能（切尔诺核能（切尔诺1.E-4贝利直接煤-无中国贝利潜在死亡率）天然气死亡率）石油1.E-5NuclearGasNuclear一频oil(direct)(indirect)1.E-6率1.E-71000100001001101000006死亡率，x
非经盟国家事故死亡频率 Fatality Frequencies in non-OECD Countries • 比较1969-2000间非经合组织国家能源事故发生导致死亡发生频率和 死亡率的曲线。 Comparison of non-OECD countries. Nuclear is based on Chernobyl data. 6 LNG Coal Gas Hydro Nuclear (direct) Nuclear (indirect) oil
核能发展面临的挑战Challengesin Nuclear Energy Expansion·安全：轻水堆有潜在小概率严重事故可能性Safety: Small but none-zero severe accidentprobability·经济性：建造成本高、周期长、投资风险大Economics: High capital costs, long construction timelarge investment risks
核能发展面临的挑战 Challenges in Nuclear Energy Expansion • 安全：轻水堆有潜在小概率严重事故可能性 Safety: Small but none-zero severe accident probability • 经济性：建造成本高、周期长、投资风险大 Economics: High capital costs, long construction time, large investment risks 7
核能发展面临的挑战Challenges in Nuclear Energy Expansion·可持续性：Sustainability:一有限探明廉价铀资源，极低利用率Limited Uresource,very low utilization一废物：长寿命放射性Waste:Long-life radioactivity·核扩散：特殊核原料，同位素富集、核燃料再处理中元素分离技术Proliferation: Special nuclear materials, enrichmentand reprocessing technologies8
核能发展面临的挑战 Challenges in Nuclear Energy Expansion • 可持续性：Sustainability: – 有限探明廉价铀资源，极低利用率 Limited U resource, very low utilization – 废物：长寿命放射性 Waste: Long-life radioactivity • 核扩散：特殊核原料，同位素富集、核燃料再处 理中元素分离技术 Proliferation: Special nuclear materials, enrichment and reprocessing technologies 8
费米为CP-1建立的多重安全保护Fermi's Multiple Safeguard for CP-1 in 1942·3套“控制棒”3 sets of“control rods'-Primarysetforcontrolof chainreaction 2nd automatic rod linked to high reading 3rd manual control rod heavily weighted,tied bya rope to be cut by"Safety ControlRod Axe Man" in emergency (SCRAM)“液体控制队”“Liquid-controlsc Pouring a Cadmium-salt solutionONOLTBRAR9
费米为CP-1建立的多重安全保护 Fermi’s Multiple Safeguard for CP-1 in 1942 • 3套“控制棒” 3 sets of “control rods” – Primary set for control of chain reaction – 2 nd automatic rod linked to high reading – 3 rd manual control rod heavily weighted, tied by a rope to be cut by “Safety Control Rod Axe Man” in emergency (SCRAM) • “液体控制队” “Liquid-control squad” – Pouring a Cadmium-salt solution 9
Rickover上将与核海军Admiral Rickover and Nuclear Navy实现将军的梦想需要高度重视安全Rickover's dream required a high regardfor safety，核海军的经验帮助打造了美国和世界的核工业 Trained personnel relied onexperience gained from Nuclear Navy tobuild the nuclear industry in the USoverseas西屋被引进建设Westinghousewarecruited10
Rickover上将与核海军 Admiral Rickover and Nuclear Navy • 实现将军的梦想需要高度重视安全 Rickover’s dream required a high regard for safety • 核海军的经验帮助打造了美国和世界 的核工业 Trained personnel relied on experience gained from Nuclear Navy to build the nuclear industry in the US and overseas • 西屋被引进建设 Westinghouse was recruited 10