LastTwoCloudsinPhysicsAether（以太）forelectromagneticfieldwas not foundUltravioletcatastrophe(anideal blackbody atthermal eguilibrium will emitradiation withinfinite power): Plank1900Others...Photoelectric effect(kinetic energyofphotoelectron “should be”proportionalto the intensityof the light):Einstein 1905Specificheat of solids “should beindependentoftemperature11
Last Two Clouds in Physics • Aether (以太) for electromagnetic field was not found . • Ultraviolet catastrophe (an ideal black body at thermal equilibrium will emit radiation with infinite power): Plank 1900 Others. Photoelectric effect (kinetic energy of photoelectron “should be ” proportional to the intensity of the light): Einstein 1905 Specific heat of solids “should be ” independent of temperature 11
Revolutions inPhysicsof the2othCentury:QuantumMechanics（1900)NielsBohr(1885-1962）MaxPlanck (1858-1947)Albert Einstein (1879-1955)Bohrmodeloftheatom(1913)Quantumtheory（1900）Photoelectroniceffect（1905)NobelLaureatein1922NobelLaureatein1918NobelLaureatein1921hv=E,-Ehv= hvo+=mv2E=hv2WernerHeisenberg,ErwinSchrodingerLouisdeBroglie,ArthurCompton,MaxBorn,JohnvonNeumann,PaulDirac,EnricoFermi,WolfgangPauli,MaxvonLaue,FreemanDyson,DavidHilbert,WilhelmWien,SatyendraNathBose,Arnold Sommerfeldandothers
Revolutions in Physics of the 20th Century: Quantum Mechanics (1900) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Photoelectronic effect (1905) Nobel Laureate in 1921 Niels Bohr (1885-1962) Bohr model of the atom (1913) Nobel Laureate in 1922 Max Planck (1858-1947) Quantum theory (1900) Nobel Laureate in 1918 Werner Heisenberg， Erwin Schrödinger， Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Enrico Fermi, Wolfgang Pauli, Max von Laue, Freeman Dyson, David Hilbert, Wilhelm Wien, Satyendra Nath Bose, Arnold Sommerfeld, and others 2 0 1 2 h h mv = + n m h E E = −
Revolutions inPhysicsofthe20thCentury:QuantumMechanics20世纪物理学界最豪华的盛会LangmuirPlankCurieLorentzEinstein LangewinGuye Thomson Wilso1927:The5thSolvayConferenceonQuantumMechanics
Revolutions in Physics of the 20th Century: Quantum Mechanics 1927: The 5th Solvay Conference on Quantum Mechanics 20世纪物理学界最豪华的盛会 Langmuir Plank Curie Lorentz Einstein Langewin Guye Thomson Wilson
Revolutions inPhysicsof the20th Century:RelativityAlbertEinstein(18791955)themostwell-knownscientistofthe 2oth century asthecreatorofspecialand general theoriesofrelativity（1905）E=mc2mo"restmass"m=momo=U
Revolutions in Physics of the 20th Century: Relativity Albert Einstein (1879- 1955), the most wellknown scientist of the 20th century as the creator of special and general theories of relativity (1905） E = mc2
RevolutionsinPhysicsof the2othCenturyRelativisticQuantumMechanicsPaul A.M. Dirac (1902-1984)DiracEquation(1928)Nobel Laureatein 19333naamc2 +Z=访(x, t)(x,t)ajPcOtj=1
Revolutions in Physics of the 20th Century: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Paul A.M. Dirac (1902-1984) Dirac Equation (1928) Nobel Laureate in 1933