ixContents18714.1Introduction18814.2PerformancemetricsforA/Dconverters14.3190ReceiverarchitectureandADCspecification14.4Case study19314.5Conclusions196References19615197Low-SpuriousADCArchitecturesforSoftwareRadioBang-Sup Song15.1Introduction19719915.1.1 Technical challengesindigital wireless15.1.2ADCstateoftheart19915.2 Techniques for High-ResolutionADCs20020415.3Outlook15.4Conclusions210210ReferencesPartVProcessTechnologiesforFutureRFSystems16215ProcessTechnologiesforFutureRFSytsemsUrs Lott21516.1Introductiontothefollowingpapers17217Low-CostSiandSi/Si1-xGexHeterostructureBiCMOSTechnologiesforWirelessApplicationsClifford AKing21817.1Introduction17.2218SiliconBiCMOS17.2.1 High-energy-implanted sub-collector21821817.3LateraletchingandamorphousSirefillingprocess22217.4 Si/SitGerheterostructurebipolartransistors17.4.1EpitaxialgrowthandmaterialpropertiesofSi1-xGex22317.4.2 Sit-xGex bipolar transistor structures22517.5228Summary229References18231GaAs-BasedRFiCTechnologyforConsumerRadiosRobChrist23218.1TheRF-integrationparadigm isdifferent23218.2 Where is RF integration being used?23318.3GaAsformobilepowerapplications23518.4GaAsinmobilereceivers
Contents ix 187 188 190 193 196 196 197 197 199 199 200 204 210 210 215 215 217 218 218 218 218 222 223 225 228 229 231 232 232 233 235 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Introduction Performance metrics for A/D converters Receiver architecture and ADC specification Case study Conclusions References 15 Low-Spurious ADC Architectures for Software Radio Bang-Sup Song 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 15.1.2 Technical challenges in digital wireless ADC state of the art 15.2 15.3 15.4 Techniques for High-Resolution ADCs Outlook Conclusions References Part IV Process Technologies for Future RF Systems 16 Process Technologies for Future RF Sytsems Urs Lott 16.1 Introduction to the following papers 17 Low-Cost Si and Si/Si1 _ xGex Heterostructure BiCMOS Technologies for Wireless Applications Clifford A. King 17.1 17.2 Introduction Silicon BiCMOS 17.2.1 High-energy-implanted sub-collector 17.3 17.4 Lateral etching and amorphous Si refilling process Si/Si1_rGer heterostructure bipolar transistors 17.4.1 17.4.2 Epitaxial growth and material properties of Si1-xGex Si1-xGex bipolar transistor structures 17.5 Summary References 18 GaAs-Based RFIC Technology for Consumer Radios Rob Christ 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 The RF-integration paradigm is different Where is RF integration being used? GaAs for mobile power applications GaAs in mobile receivers
+CIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSFORWMRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS23518.5Testingtheassumptions23818.6Advantages/disadvantagesofdifferentRFICtechnologies23818.7Predicting thefuture:Whereareconsumerradiosgoing?24018.8 Low-techGaAsMESFETs:Cost-effectiveRFintegration24118.9Conclusion19245MonolithicIntegrated TransceiverCircuitsforGHzFrequenciesUrs Lott and Werner Bachtold245SomemythsaboutRFintegratedcircuits19.119.1.1s usinga singletechnologyanadvantage?24524619.1.2PresenttechnologiesforRFintegratedcircuits24819.1.3Technologychoicesforbasebandcircuits24819.1.4Prosandconsofcompleteintegration24919.2ExamplesofGHztransceivercircuits24919.2.1Lownoiseamplifiersinthe2GHzrange25119.2.25GHzLNAwithswitchforantennadiversity25319.2.317GHzPHEMTpoweramplifier25719.3Conclusions259ReferencesPartVDSPforWirelessCommunications20263DSPforWirelessCommunicationsUrsFawerandGertjanKaat26320.1 Introductiontothefollowingpapers26420.2Trends26420.3Presentationoverview21265EfficientDesignFlowforFixed-PointSystemsHolgerKeding,Martin Coors,andHeinrichMeyr26621.1 Introduction26821.2TheFRIDGEdesignflow26921.3 Fixed-C and local annotations27021.3.1ThedatatypeFixed27021.3.2 The data type fixed27221.3.3Interpolator directives27221.4lnterpolation27221.4.1Maximumprecision interpolation21.4.2Utilisationofstatisticalknowledgeforinterpolation27327421.5 Backends27521.5.1ANSI-Candfast-simulation back end27621.6 Conclusion277References
X CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 235 238 238 240 241 245 245 245 246 248 248 249 249 251 253 257 259 263 263 264 264 265 266 268 269 270 270 272 272 272 273 274 275 276 277 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 Testing the assumptions Advantages/disadvantages of different RFIC technologies Predicting the future: Where are consumer radios going? Low-tech GaAs MESFETs: Cost-effective RF integration Conclusion 19 Monolithic Integrated Transceiver Circuits for GHz Frequencies Urs Lott and Werner Bächtold 19.1 Some myths about RF integrated circuits 19.1.1 19.1.2 19.1.3 19.1.4 Is using a single technology an advantage? Present technologies for RF integrated circuits Technology choices for baseband circuits Pros and cons of complete integration 19.2 Examples of GHz transceiver circuits 19.2.1 19.2.2 19.2.3 Low noise amplifiers in the 2 GHz range 5 GHz LNA with switch for antenna diversity 17 GHz PHEMT power amplifier 19.3 Conclusions References Part V DSP for Wireless Communications 20 DSP for Wireless Communications Urs Fawer and Gertjan Kaat 20.1 20.2 20.3 Introduction to the following papers Trends Presentation overview 21 Efficient Design Flow for Fixed-Point Systems Holger Keding, Martin Coors, and Heinrich Meyr 21.1 21.2 21.3 Introduction The FRIDGE design flow Fixed-C and local annotations 21.3.1 21.3.2 21.3.3 The data type Fixed The data type fixed Interpolator directives 21.4 Interpolation 21.4.1 21.4.2 Maximum precision interpolation Utilisation of statistical knowledge for interpolation 21.5 Back ends 21.5.1 ANSI-C and fast-simulation back end 21.6 Conclusion References
xiContents22279R.E.ALDSPE.Lambers.C.Moerman,P.Kievits.J.Walkier.andRWoudsma28022.1Introduction28022.2TowardsanewDSParchitecture28122.3TheR.E.A.L.DSParchitecture28322.4 The R.E.A.L.DSP instruction set28522.5 R.E.A.L.DSPdevelopmenttoolsR.E.A.LDSPASICimplementation28522.628622.7R.E.A.L.DSPfacts andfigures287References23289DedicatedVLSIArchitecturesBrunoHaller29023.1Introduction29123.2TheartofVLSIsignal processing292Overviewonsmartantennas23.329423.4QRD-RLSalgorithmandsystolicarchitectures29623.4.1 QRD-RLSalgorithm23.4.2HardwareimplementationoftheQRD-RLSalgorithm29730323.4.3Applicationtotemporal referencebeamforming30523.4.4Simulationresults30923.5ApplicationtoadaptiveDS-CDMAreceivers31123.6SummaryandconclusionsReferences31124317EvolutionofSpeechCodingforWirelessCommunicationsGillesMiet31824.1Overview31924.2Narrow-bandAMR31924.2.1.Needforanewstandard31924.2.2Variablebitratesforspeechandchannelcodecs32124.2.3Complexity/performancecompromiseoftheAMR32124.3Multi-modeAMR32224.4 Wide-bandAMR32224.4.1Wide-bandversusnarrow-bandquality32324.4.2Minimumbandwidthforspeechtosoundwide-band32324.5 Conclusion324References25325Digital Signal Processing and DSPJavier Sanche-32625.1 Introduction32625.1.1 DSPfunctionsand applications
Contents xi 279 280 280 281 283 285 285 286 287 289 290 291 292 294 296 297 303 305 309 311 311 317 318 319 319 319 321 321 322 322 323 323 324 325 326 326 22 R.E.A.L DSP E. Lambers, C. Moerman, P. Kievits, J. Walkier, and R. Woudsma 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 Introduction Towards a new DSP architecture The R.E.A.L. DSP architecture The R.E.A.L. DSP instruction set R.E.A.L. DSP development tools R.E.A.L DSP ASIC implementation R.E.A.L. DSP facts and figures References 23 Dedicated VLSI Architectures Bruno Haller 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Introduction The art of VLSI signal processing Overview on smart antennas QRD-RLS algorithm and systolic architectures 23.4.1 23.4.2 23.4.3 23.4.4 QRD-RLS algorithm Hardware implementation of the QRD-RLS algorithm Application to temporal reference beamforming Simulation results 23.5 23.6 Application to adaptive DS-CDMA receivers Summary and conclusions References 24 Evolution of Speech Coding for Wireless Communications Gilles Miet 24.1 24.2 Overview Narrow-band AMR 24.2.1 24.2.2 24.2.3 Need for a new standard Variable bit rates for speech and channel codecs Complexity/performance compromise of the AMR 24.3 24.4 Multi-mode AMR Wide-band AMR 24.4.1 24.4.2 Wide-band versus narrow-band quality Minimum bandwidth for speech to sound wide-band 24.5 Conclusion References 25 Digital Signal Processing and DSP Javier Sanchez 25.1 Introduction 25.1.1 DSP functions and applications
xiiCIRCUITSAND SYSTEMS FOR WMRELESS COMMUNICATIONS25.1.2Characteristicsofdigital signalprocessing32732925.1.3Characteristicsofdigitalsignalprocessors33025.2 Benchmarksofdigitalsignalprocessingroutines33025.2.1Standardbenchmarkroutines33125.2.2DSParchitecturalfeatures33225.2.3EvolutionoffeaturesforDSPimplementation33325.2.4General-purposeversusapplication-specificDSPs33325.3Conclusion334ReferencesPartVIBlind Channel Equalization26337Blind Channel EqualizationRuey-wenLiu33726.1 Introduction to thefollowingpapers339References27341AdaptiveInterferenceSuppressionH.VincentPoor34227.1Introduction34227.2 Signal model34427.3AdaptiveMOEdetection34527.4Adaptivesubspacedetection34627.5Enhancements348References28351ChannelEstimationandEqualizationinWirelessATMLangTong35228.1Introduction35328.2WirelessATM35328.2.1Switching35528.2.2WirelessATM356ChannelestimationandequalizationinwirelessATM28.335728.3.1PACE:Protocol-aidedchannelequalization36128.4Conclusion363References29365BlindSeparationandCombinationofHigh-RateQAMSignalsJohn Treichler, C.R.Johnson, Jr.,andS.LWood36529.1Introduction36629.2Threerelatedinterferenceproblems37029.3Asolution
xii CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 327 329 330 330 331 332 333 333 334 337 337 339 341 342 342 344 345 346 348 351 352 353 353 355 356 357 361 363 365 365 366 370 25.1.2 25.1.3 Characteristics of digital signal processing Characteristics of digital signal processors 25.2 Benchmarks of digital signal processing routines 25.2.1 25.2.2 25.2.3 25.2.4 Standard benchmark routines DSP architectural features Evolution of features for DSP implementation General-purpose versus application-specific DSPs 25.3 Conclusion References Part VI Blind Channel Equalization 26 Blind Channel Equalization Ruey-wen Liu 26.1 Introduction to the following papers References 27 Adaptive Interference Suppression H. Vincent Poor 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Introduction Signal model Adaptive MOE detection Adaptive subspace detection Enhancements References 28 Channel Estimation and Equalization in Wireless ATM Lang Tong 28.1 28.2 Introduction Wireless ATM 28.2.1 28.2.2 Switching Wireless ATM 28.3 Channel estimation and equalization in wireless ATM 28.3.1 PACE: Protocol-aided channel equalization 28.4 Conclusion References 29 Blind Separation and Combination of High-Rate QAM Signals John Treichler, C. R. Johnson, Jr., and S. L Wood 29.1 29.2 29.3 Introduction Three related interference problems A solution
xiliContents371美Performance29.4372Conclusions29.5373References30375Glossary
Contents xiii 371 372 373 375 29.4 29.5 Performance Conclusions References 30 Glossary