CONTENTSPrefacexVIntroductiontoRadioCommunicationSystemsI111.1Introduction21.2NetworkTheory31.3Modulation31.4 ReceiversAModem Communications Receiver/ Direct Conversion Receiver/ An Integrated-CircuirFMReceiver121.5 Transmitters131.6Problems141.7 Additional Reading162Small-SignalAmplifiers162.1 Introduction162.2 BipolarTransistorAmplifiersEquivalentCircuits/Common-EmitterAmplifier/Common-BaseAmplifier/Emitter-Follower272.3 Field-EffectTransistorAmplifiersEquivalent Circuits/Common-Source Amplifier/Source-Follower/Common-GateAmplifier-/InputImpedance/VotageGain/OutputImpedance362.4Multistage Amplifiers382.5Dual-Gate FET392.6 Push-PullAmplifiers412.7 DifferentialAmplifierCommon-Mode RejectionRatio/FETDifferentialAmplifier/BJTDifferentialAmplifier492.8OperationalAmplifierOp-Amp Characteristics/ Ideal Inverting Amplifier/Nonideal Inverting Amplifier:ix
xCONTENTSThe Effect of Finite LoopGain/Gain-BandwidthProduct/Effect of FiniteInputImpedance/Effect of FiniteInput and Output Impedance/Noninverting Amplifier2.9 Problems572.10 References653NetworkNoiseand IntermodulationDistortion67673.1Introduction3.2Noise67Thermal Noise/Active Device Noise/Noise in Transistor Amplifiers773.3 Noise Figure, Noise Factor, and SensitivityAverage Noise Factor/Noise Figure/Noise Factor of Cascaded Networks/ NoiseTemperature / Sensitivity853.4 Design of Low-Noise NetworksNetwork NoiseRepresentation/Network NoiseFactors/Low NoiseDesign/ALow-NoiseAmplifier/Optimizationof BJTBiasCurrent933.5IntermodulationDistortionGain Compression /Second Harmonic Distortion /Intermodulation DistortionRatio/Dynamic Range/SINAD993.6Problems3.7References1013.8 Additional Reading10141Frequency-SelectiveNetworks and Transformers1034.1 Introduction1034.2 SeriesResonant Circuits103Effectof Source Resistance/VoltageApplication4.3 Parallel Resonant Circuits112BranchCurrents4.4 Parallel Resonant Circuits Including Transformers116Transformers with Tuned Secondaries /Double-Tuned Circuits/ Autotransformers/CapacitiveTransformers1294.5ImpedanceMatching and HarmonicFilteringUsingReactiveNetworksVoltageGain4.6 Filter Delay and Signal Distortion1354.7Problems1384.8 References1434.9 Additional Reading1445High-Frequency Amplifiers and Automatic Gain Control1455.1Introduction145
xiCONTENTS1455.2High-FrequencyPerformanceof BipolarandField-EffectTransistorAmplifiersBJT High-Frequency Model /Current Gain-Bandwidth Product/FET High-Frequency Model /Miller'sTheorem/ High-Frequency Response of FETAmplifiers/High-Frequency Responseof BJTAmplifiers/Common-BaseAmplifiers/EmitterFollowers/Differential Amplifiers / High-Speed Operational Amplifiers / Cascadeof Identical Stages1785.3 BroadbandingTechniquesInput Compensation / Feedback / Current-to-Voltage Feedback / Voltage-to-CurrentFeedback/Lossless FeedbackAmplifiers/Neutralization/Cascode Amplifiers1985.4 AutomaticGainControlTheory of Automatic Gain Control/ AnotherAGC Model / AGC System Components2075.5Problems2125.6 References2125.7 Additional Reading2136HybridandTransmission-LineTransformers2136.1 Introduction2136.2Three-Winding TransformersAsymmetricThree-WindingTransformers/PowerTransfer inHybridTransformers/PhaseDistribution inHybrid Transformers/Nonideal Three-WindingTransformer2266.3 Transmission-LineTransformersStep-UpTransformer/HybridTransformer/APowerOutput Stage2366.4Problems2396.5 References2406.6Additional Reading2417Oscillators2417.1 Introduction2417.2 Conditions for OscillationNyquist StabilityCriteria/ Circuit Analysis/Another Interpretation of the OscillatorCircuit.The Pierce Oscillator2587.3 Amplitude Stability259'7.4 Phase Stability2617.5 Crystal OscillatorCharacteristicsParallel-ModeCrystal Oscillators/Series-ModeCrystal Oscillators2767.6Voltage-Controlled Oscillators and Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillators2837.7 Field-EffectTransistor OscillatorsTheFETPierce Oscillator2857.8 Oscillator Control Using Delay Lines
xiiCONTENTS7.9RelaxationOscillator2872887.10Integrated-CircuitOscillatorsNE6027.11Problems3023087.12 References3097.13 AdditionalReading8311Phase-Locked Loops3118.1 Introduction3138.2 Linear Modelof thePhase-LockedLoop3178.3 Phase Detectors (PDs)Digital Phase Detectors / Exclusive-OR Detectors / Flip-Flop Detectors / Dual-DFlip-Flops/Phase-FrequencyDetectors/Mixers/Sampling Detectors/PhaseDetector Comparisons3308.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators3318.5LoopFilters3328.6 Linear and Nonlinear PLL Simulations Using SPICEA Sinusoidal Phase Detector Model /Voltage-Controlled OscillatorSimulations/LinearandNonlinearPLLSimulations3408.7Phase-LockedLoopApplicationsTracking Filters / Angle Modulation/Frequency Demodulation/ AmplitudeDemodulation/PhaseShifiers/Signal Synchronizers and CarrierRecovery3468.8 Digital Phase-Locked Loops3488.9 Integrated-Circuit Phase-Locked LoopsACMOS PLL3518.10 Problems3538.11 References3538.12 Additional Reading0354Phase-Locked LoopAnalysis3549.1 Introduction3549.2 Steady-State Error Analysis3569.3 Stability AnalysisTypeI Systems/Pole-Zero Filter/Control of Loop Bandwidth/ Type Il Systems/TypellThird-OrderSystems/Loops Including aTimeDelay/Loops ContainingaSample-and-Hoid Phase Detector3829.4 PLLTransient PerformanceTransientAnalysis of the Linearized PLL/ TypeI Systems: Phase Step Response/Type/ Systems:FrequencyStep Response/Type II Loop/ Ramp Inputs/Comparison of Type I and Type Il Loops / Large-Signal Behavior/ Digital PhaseDetectors/First-OrderSystems/ TypeI Loop Including a Low-Pass Filter/Sinusoidal Phase Detection/ Numerical Example
xiliCONTENTS4049.5Problems4069.6References4069.7 Additional Reading40710Frequency Synthesizers40710.1 Introduction40810.2DirectFrequency Synthesis41110.3 Frequency Synthesis byPhase LockEffectsofReferenceFrequencyonLoopPerformance/Variable-ModulusDividers/PLLFrequency SynthesizerICs / Down Conversion/ Methods for ReducingSwitching Time and/orwidening theLoop Bandwidth/Multiple-LoopFrequencySyn-thesizers /Fractional-N Loops43110.4 Direct Digital Synthesis43610.5 SynthesizerDesignExample43910.6 Phase NoiseA Model forOscillatorPhaseNoise/PhaseNoise in Phase-Locked Loops /EffectofFrequencyDivisionandMultiplicationonPhaseNoise44710.7Problems44910.8 References45010.9 AdditionalReading45211PowerAmplifiers45211.1 Introduction45311.2 Class AAmplifiersTransformer-Coupled ClassAAmplifiers/Class APush-PullAmplifiers/Square-Wave Input46311.3ClassBAmplifiersPush-Pull AmplificationwithComplementaryTransistors/PowerRelations intheDirect-CoupledClassBPush-PullAmplifier46911.4ClassCAmplifiersClass CPowerAmplifierDesign/FrequencyMultiplicationn47711.5 ClassDAmplifiersNonideal Performance48111.6ClassSPowerAmplifiersPulse-Width Modulators48311.7 Class ETuned PowerAmplifiers48311.8Problems48611.9 References48611.10AdditionalReading48712ModulatorsandDemodulators