Chapter 12 Sugar, Carbohydrates, and Glycobiology(糖生物学)
Chapter 12 Sugar, Carbohydrates, and Glycobiology（糖生物学）
1. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups or substances that can yield such compounds on hydrolysis(p. 293) 1.1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and have multiple roles in all forms of life 1.1.1 Carbohydrates serve as energy stores (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels(e.g, glucose, and metabolic intermediates(e.g, ATP, many coenzymes)
1. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups or substances that can yield such compounds on hydrolysis (p. 293) 1.1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and have multiple roles in all forms of life. 1.1.1 Carbohydrates serve as energy stores (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels (e.g., glucose), and metabolic intermediates (e.g., ATP, many coenzymes)
1.1.2 Carbohydrates serve as structural elements in cell walls of plants(cellulose)or bacteria(peptidoglycans), exoskeletons of arthropods(chitin), and extracellular matrixes of vertebrate animals (proteoglycans)
1.1.2 Carbohydrates serve as structural elements in cell walls of plants (cellulose) or bacteria (peptidoglycans), exoskeletons of arthropods (chitin), and extracellular matrixes of vertebrate animals (proteoglycans)
1.1.3 Carbohydrates serve as recogntion signals in glycoproteins and glycolipids determining cell-cell recognition, intracellular location, and metabolic fates of proteins(thus sugars, like nucleic acids and proteins, are also information rich! But codes unknown) 1.1.4 Carbohydrates (ribose and deoxyribose) form part of the structural framework of rna and dna
1.1.3 Carbohydrates serve as recogntion signals in glycoproteins and glycolipids determining cell-cell recognition, intracellular location, and metabolic fates of proteins (thus sugars, like nucleic acids and proteins, are also information rich! But codes unknown). 1.1.4 Carbohydrates (ribose and deoxyribose) form part of the structural framework of RNA and DNA
1.2 Carbohydrates can be categorized into monosaccharides. oligosaccharides and polysacchrides. 1.2.1 Monosacchrides are simple sugars consisting of a single polyhydroxyl aldehyde or ketone unit(e.g, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, glucose, galatose, ribulose, and fructose)
1.2 Carbohydrates can be categorized into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysacchrides. 1.2.1 Monosacchrides are simple sugars consisting of a single polyhydroxyl aldehyde or ketone unit (e.g., glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, glucose, galatose, ribulose, and fructose)