1.2.2 Oligosaccharides contain two (disaccharides or a few monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds(e.g, lactose, sucrose, maltose,1d some covalently linked sugars in glycoproteins a glycoli Ias 1.2.3 Polysaccharides contain long chains of hundreds to thousands)monosaccharide units cellulose, chitin, and glycosangi glycogen, starch, joined by glycosidic bonds(e.g Iminoglycans)
1.2.2 Oligosaccharides contain two (disaccharides) or a few monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds (e.g., lactose, sucrose, maltose, some covalently linked sugars in glycoproteins and glycolipids). 1.2.3 Polysaccharides contain long chains of (hundreds to thousands) monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds (e.g., glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycosaminoglycans)
2. Monosacchrides contain one carbonyl group and two or more hydroxyl groups(p. 294) 2.1 Monosacchrides can be divided into two families: aldoses and ketoses 2. 1.1 Aldoses have their carbonyl groups at the ends of the carbon chains, thus being an aldehyde 2.1.2 Ketoses have their carbonyl groups at places other than the ends, thus being ketones. dehyde and the simplest ketose is dihyoxyacetone, both being triose
2. Monosacchrides contain one carbonyl group and two or more hydroxyl groups. (p. 294) 2.1 Monosacchrides can be divided into two families: aldoses and ketoses. 2.1.1 Aldoses have their carbonyl groups at the ends of the carbon chains, thus being an aldehyde. 2.1.2 Ketoses have their carbonyl groups at places other than the ends,, thus being ketones. 2.1.3 The simplest aldose is glyceraldehyde, and the simplest ketose is dihyoxyacetone, both being triose
2.1.4 Monosacchrides containing four, five, and six carbon atoms in their backbones are called tetroses, pentoses(e.g, ribose and deoxyribose), and hexoses(e.g, glucose and fructose), respectively. Each has both aldoses and ketoses 2.1.5 Hexoses are the most common monosacchrides in nature, including D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fructose
2.1.4 Monosacchrides containing four, five, and six carbon atoms in their backbones are called tetroses, pentoses (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose), and hexoses (e.g., glucose and fructose), respectively. Each has both aldoses and ketoses. 2.1.5 Hexoses are the most common monosacchrides in nature, including D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fructose
HO H H-C-OH H-C-OH C=0 H-C-OH H-C-OH H H Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone an aldotriose a ketotriose
h O H C H-C-OH H-C-OH C=O HOC—H HO-C—H H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CHOH CHOH D-Glucose D-Fructose an aldohexose a ketohexose