P wave S wave Incident beam, D wave 11 Ad<<A 20 △ (b) Vectors 2π6 4π△d S Wave 9 1 P Wave D Wave 如何将相位差转变为亮度差？ 11
11 B A d S P S P D Incident beam, d<<
(a) Frits Zernike(1888-1966) First described in 1934 Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 S Wave P Wave D Wave Phase- cI Positive Vectors POS +%入 P Brightfield Images Negative NEG SP eD Figure 6 12
12 Frits Zernike (1888-1966) First described in 1934 Nobel Prize in Physics 1953
S+D=P △ e995 20 入-4 λ 二 S Wave P Wave D Wave
S Wave P Wave D Wave S+D=P