NI myDAQ AND MULTISIM PROBLEMS FOR CIRCUITS Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz By Ed Doering
Contents71 Introduction81.1Resources81.2Goals for Student Deliverables111.3StudentDeliverablesChecklist121.4Acknowledgements.132Resistive Circuits132.1Kirchhoff's Laws (2-3)2.216Equivalent Resistance (2-4)2.319Currentand VoltageDividers (2-4)2.421Wye-Delta Transformation (2-5)253Analysis Techniques253.1Node-Voltage Method (3-1)293.2Mesh-Current Method (3-2)323.3Superposition (3-4)353.4 Thevenin Equivalents, Maximum Power Transfer (3-5, 3-6)41OperationalAmplifiers4414.1Ideal Op-Amp Model (4-3)444.2Noninverting Amplifier (4-3)494.3Summing Amplifier (4-5).4.453Signal Processing Circuits (4-8)575 RCand RLFirst-OrderCircuits575.1Capacitors (5-2)5.262Inductors (5-3) .665.3Response of the RC Circuit (5-4)705.4ResponseoftheRLCircuit(5-5)
Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2 Goals for Student Deliverables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 Student Deliverables Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 Resistive Circuits 13 2.1 Kirchhoff’s Laws (2-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Equivalent Resistance (2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 Current and Voltage Dividers (2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 Wye-Delta Transformation (2-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3 Analysis Techniques 25 3.1 Node-Voltage Method (3-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 Mesh-Current Method (3-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3 Superposition (3-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 Thevenin Equivalents, Maximum Power Transfer (3-5, 3-6) . 35 ´ 4 Operational Amplifiers 41 4.1 Ideal Op-Amp Model (4-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2 Noninverting Amplifier (4-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.3 Summing Amplifier (4-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.4 Signal Processing Circuits (4-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5 RC and RL First-Order Circuits 57 5.1 Capacitors (5-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.2 Inductors (5-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.3 Response of the RC Circuit (5-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.4 Response of the RL Circuit (5-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4CONTENTS756RLCCircuits756.1Initial and Final Conditions (6-1)796.2 Natural Response of the Series RLC Circuit (6-3)846.3General Solution for Any Second-Order Circuit (6-6)876.4Two-Capacitor Second-Order Circuit (6-6)91ACAnalysis7917.1 Impedance Transformations (7-5)977.2 Equivalent Circuits (7-6)1007.3 Phase-Shift Circuits (7-8)7.4 Phasor-Domain Analysis Techniques (7-9)1021058ACPower1058.1Periodic Waveforms (8-1)8.2111Average Power (8-2)8.3114Complex Power (8-3)1178.4ThePower Factor (8-4)FrequencyResponse of Circuits and Filters12191219.1Scaling (9-2)1249.2Bode Plots (9-3)9.3127FilterOrder(9-5)1309.4Cascaded Active Filters (9-7)13310 Laplace Transform Analysis Techniques13310.1 s-Domain CircuitAnalvsis (10-7)13710.2 Step Response (10-8)14010.3 TransferFunctionand ImpulseResponse (10-8)14310.4 Convolution Integral (10-9)14711 Fourier Analysis Techniques14711.1 Fourier Series Representation (11-2)15211.2 Circuit Applications (11-3)15411.3FourierTransform (11-5)15711.4 Circuit Analysis with Fourier Transform (11-8)159A Parts List163B LM317 Voltage and Current Sources164B.1 Variable Voltage Source.164B.2Current Source
4 CONTENTS 6 RLC Circuits 75 6.1 Initial and Final Conditions (6-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.2 Natural Response of the Series RLC Circuit (6-3) . . . . . . . 79 6.3 General Solution for Any Second-Order Circuit (6-6) . . . . . 84 6.4 Two-Capacitor Second-Order Circuit (6-6) . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7 AC Analysis 91 7.1 Impedance Transformations (7-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.2 Equivalent Circuits (7-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.3 Phase-Shift Circuits (7-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.4 Phasor-Domain Analysis Techniques (7-9) . . . . . . . . . . . 102 8 AC Power 105 8.1 Periodic Waveforms (8-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 8.2 Average Power (8-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8.3 Complex Power (8-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8.4 The Power Factor (8-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9 Frequency Response of Circuits and Filters 121 9.1 Scaling (9-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 9.2 Bode Plots (9-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 9.3 Filter Order (9-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 9.4 Cascaded Active Filters (9-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 10 Laplace Transform Analysis Techniques 133 10.1 s-Domain Circuit Analysis (10-7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 10.2 Step Response (10-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 10.3 Transfer Function and Impulse Response (10-8) . . . . . . . . 140 10.4 Convolution Integral (10-9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 11 Fourier Analysis Techniques 147 11.1 Fourier Series Representation (11-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 11.2 Circuit Applications (11-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 11.3 Fourier Transform (11-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 11.4 Circuit Analysis with Fourier Transform (11-8) . . . . . . . . 157 A Parts List 159 B LM317 Voltage and Current Sources 163 B.1 Variable Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 B.2 Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5CONTENTS169CTL072Operational Amplifier173DDG413QuadAnalogSwitchE177Transient ResponseMeasurementTechniquesE.1TimeConstant..177F179Sinusoid Measurement Techniques179F.1Amplitudeand PhaseMeasurements183G Video Links
CONTENTS 5 C TL072 Operational Amplifier 169 D DG413 Quad Analog Switch 173 E Transient Response Measurement Techniques 177 E.1 Time Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 F Sinusoid Measurement Techniques 179 F.1 Amplitude and Phase Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 G Video Links 183
Chapter 1IntroductionThis supplement toCircuits byUlabyand Maharbiz contains40additionalend-of-chapter problems designed for three-way solution: analytical, sim-ulation,andmeasurement.Aftersolvingtheproblemanalyticallythestu-dent continues by solving the same problem with NI Multisim and thenonce again with NI myDAQ computer-based instrumentation and circuitcomponents. By iterating on each dimension of the problem until all threeagree students "triangulate on the truth" and develop confidence in theiranalyticaland laboratoryskills.Each problem requests at least one common numerical value for com-parison among the three methods.The percent difference between sim-ulated and analytical results as well as measured-to-analytical results in-dicates the degree to which the student has achieved a correct solution.Normally simulation and analytical results agree to within a percentagepoint, and measurements often agree with analytical results to within fivepercent.The problems are organized as four per chapter for Chapters 2 through11 of Circuits.The table of contents indicates the associated section numberof the textbook in parentheses. Each problem contains the problem state-ment and sufficient detail to guide the student through the simulation andphysical measurement steps.Short video tutorials are linked to each prob-lem to provide detailed guidance on Multisim techniques and ELVISmxcomputer-based instruments for the myDAQThis document is fully hyperlinked for section and figure references,and all video links are live hyperlinks. Opening the PDF version of thisdocument is the most efficient way to access all links, and clicking a videohyperlink automatically launches the video in a browser. Within the PDF
Chapter 1 Introduction This supplement to Circuits by Ulaby and Maharbiz contains 40 additional end-of-chapter problems designed for three-way solution: analytical, simulation, and measurement. After solving the problem analytically the student continues by solving the same problem with NI Multisim and then once again with NI myDAQ computer-based instrumentation and circuit components. By iterating on each dimension of the problem until all three agree students “triangulate on the truth” and develop confidence in their analytical and laboratory skills. Each problem requests at least one common numerical value for comparison among the three methods. The percent difference between simulated and analytical results as well as measured-to-analytical results indicates the degree to which the student has achieved a correct solution. Normally simulation and analytical results agree to within a percentage point, and measurements often agree with analytical results to within five percent. The problems are organized as four per chapter for Chapters 2 through 11 of Circuits. The table of contents indicates the associated section number of the textbook in parentheses. Each problem contains the problem statement and sufficient detail to guide the student through the simulation and physical measurement steps. Short video tutorials are linked to each problem to provide detailed guidance on Multisim techniques and ELVISmx computer-based instruments for the myDAQ. This document is fully hyperlinked for section and figure references, and all video links are live hyperlinks. Opening the PDF version of this document is the most efficient way to access all links, and clicking a video hyperlink automatically launches the video in a browser. Within the PDF