1.1.根据有学识的波斯人的说法 1.2和希腊人的说法不同,根据波斯人的说法.…他们 说.在我看来 1.5以上就是波斯人对这一事件的经过的叙述,他们认为 希腊人攻略伊里翁,是他们敌视希腊人的开端。…以上 便是波斯人和腓尼基人的说法。这两种说法中哪一种说法 合乎事实,我不想去论述。下面我却要指出据我本人所知 是最初开始向希腊人闹事的那个人,然后再把我所要叙述 的事情继续下去,不管人间的城邦是大是小,我是要同样 地加以叙述的
• 1.1.໑ഝํᦩጱူේՈጱ᧔ဩ…… • 1.2.ᚠՈጱ᧔ဩӧݶ҅໑ഝူේՈጱ᧔ဩ……՜ժ ᧔……ࣁ౯፡…… • 1.5.զӤ੪ฎူේՈᬯӞԪկጱᕪᬦጱݓᬿ҅՜ժᦊԅ ᚠՈධኼն᯾ᗷ҅ฎ՜ժබᥤᚠՈጱᒒ̶……զӤ ฎူේՈᚥੰचՈጱ᧔ဩ̶ᬯӷᐿ᧔ဩӾߺӞᐿ᧔ဩ ݳԒԪਫ҅౯ӧమ݄ᦞᬿ̶ӥᶎ౯ܩᥝڊഝ౯ՈಅᎣ ฎ๋ڡতݻᚠՈᳺԪጱᮎӻՈ҅ᆐݸٚ౯ಅᥝݓᬿ ጱԪఘᖀᖅӥ݄҅ӧᓕՈᳵጱउᮏฎय़ฎੜ҅౯ฎᥝݶ ̶ᬿጱݓզےࣈ
“史学之父”OR“谎言之父 The Father of History"(Cicero) The Father of Lies(Voltaire) 亲雅典的政治立场,扬希腊而贬波斯,以致偏袒一方,难免有 时违背史实 天命论观念,夹杂了神示、梦兆、幻觉、占卜等 受“史话家”的影响,写作中热衷于遗闻轶事,导致史书枝节蔓 生、结构驳杂 →夸大失实之词 如第7卷记载两河流域谷物收成可达种子的300倍 第1卷记载波斯侵希腊的远征军人数为5283220人
“史学之⽗”OR“谎⾔之⽗” • "The Father of History" (Cicero) • "The Father of Lies" (Voltaire) • Յᵝَጱလᒈ࣋҅ಛᚠᘒᨺူේ҅զᛘ؇ᤤӞො҅ᵙعํ ᬲᙧݥਫ • ॠᦞᥡஷ҅४ԧᐟᐏ̵ص̵ଝᥧ̵ܘܛᒵ • ݑ”ݥᦾਹ”ጱߥٟ֢҅Ӿᅾᤙԭ᭳Ԫ҅ᛘݥԡຏᜓᠣ ኞ̵ᕮḞ • →→३य़०ਫԏ • ইᒫ7ܫᦕӷမၞऒᨕᇔත౮ݢᬡᐿৼጱ300 • ᒫ1ܫᦕူේᚠጱᬱ٠Ոහԅ5283220Ո
修昔底德 Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399BCE)
修昔底德 Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE)
政治军事史传统的典范 关注当代的现实题材 求真精神和批判原则的标榜 历史因果的考究 编年、叙述的体例 演说辞的运用 ◆语言的风格(修辞与悲剧)
◆ လ٠Ԫݥփᕹጱَ ᷌୮դጱሿਫဳى ◆ ጱຽགڞܻڣಢ፥ᔜᐟ◆ ጱᘍᑪຎࢩݥܲ ◆ ◆ ᖫଙ̵ݓᬿጱֺ֛ ◆ ᄍ᧔ᬖጱᬩአ ◆ ጱᷚ໒ҁץᬖӨఓۂ҂
在战争刚刚爆发的时候,雅典人修昔底德就开始写作伯罗奔尼撒人同雅典人之间战 争的历史著作,相信这次战争是一个伟大的战争,比过去曾经发生过的任何战争更 有叙述的价值。这是希腊人的历史中最大的一次骚动,同时也影响到大部分非 希腊人的世界,可以说,影响到了几乎整个人类。虽然对于远古时代,甚至对于我 们当代以前的历史,由于时间的遥远,我不能完全明确地知了,但是尽我的能力所 及,回忆过去,所有的证据使我得到一个结论:过去的时代,无论在战争方面,或 在其他方面,都不是伟大的时代。 Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war, and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it... Indeed this was the greatest movement yet known in history, not only of the Hellenes, but of a large part of the barbarian world--l had almost said of mankind. For though the events of remote antiquity, and even those that more immediately precede the war, could not from lapse of time be clearly ascertained, yet the evidences which an inquiry carried as far back as was practicable leads me to trust, all point to the conclusion that there was nothing on a great scale, either in war or in other matters
• ࣁԩڟڟᆷݎጱײ҅ᵝَՈץคବ੪তٟ֢ᗔॷੰආՈݶᵝَՈԏᳵ ԩጱܲݥ֢҅ፘמᬯེԩฎӞӻւय़ጱԩ҅ྲᬦ้݄ᕪݎኞᬦጱձ֜ԩๅ ํݓᬿጱհ̶……ᬯฎᚠՈጱܲݥӾ๋य़ጱӞེḾۖ҅ݶԞکߥय़᮱ړᶋ ᚠՈጱӮኴ҅ݢզ᧔҅کߥԧپԒෆӻՈᔄ̶ᡱᆐԭᬱݘդ҅ኜᛗԭ౯ ժ୮դզڹጱܲݥ҅ኧԭᳵጱ᭸ᬱ҅౯ӧᚆਠقกᏟࣈᎣԧ҅֕ฎੱ౯ጱᚆێಅ ݊҅ࢧᬦ݄҅ಅํጱᦤഝֵ౯کӞӻᕮᦞғᬦ݄ጱդ҅෫ᦞࣁԩොᶎ҅ ࣁٌ՜ොᶎ҅᮷ӧฎւय़ጱդ̶ • Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war, and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it. …Indeed this was the greatest movement yet known in history, not only of the Hellenes, but of a large part of the barbarian world--I had almost said of mankind. For though the events of remote antiquity, and even those that more immediately precede the war, could not from lapse of time be clearly ascertained, yet the evidences which an inquiry carried as far back as was practicable leads me to trust, all point to the conclusion that there was nothing on a great scale, either in war or in other matters