22. extreme: very great Example: The girls were afraid of snakes and walked along the mountain trail with extreme caution n the furthest possible limit, an extreme degree Example: I know I always say that you eat too much, but there is no need to go to the other (phrase: go to extremes: do sth so much, state sth so strongly, that people consider your actions unacceptable and unreasonable Examples: John went to such extremes to get his promotion that everyone at the office hates him now The film is not very good, but some critics have gone to extremes, say ing it is the worst of the decade. 23. performance: 1) the standard achieved by a person or group of people in carrying out a particular job or activit Examples: The athlete was awarded $10,000 for his good performance in the Olympics After several bad performances, the soccer team found their form again 2)sth. performed in front of an audience, e.g. a play, a dance or other entertainment Examples; Stevie Wonder fought back from the shadow of death and went on to give more performances His performance in the new production of Hamlet received much praise 24. so much so that: to such an extent Examples; Americans treat their children as separate individuals, so much so that someone who remains dependent on their parents longer than the norm may be thought to be Some parents spoil their children, so much so that they never ask them to do an studying 25. Continual: happening again and Examples: The construction of the airport continued despite continual complaints from local residents The dogs continual barking disturbed the whole neighborhood Word choice: continual(ly), continuous(ly Continual describes separate actions (often annoying actions you do not like) which are repeated over a period of time, e. g These continual interruptions are driving me mad She's continually flying off to different places Continuous especially describes things and events that go on without a break, e. g he police formed a continuous line round the build ing This product is the result of years of continuous development We landed after fly ing continuously for 16 hours 26. apply: 1)be relevant(to sb / sth ) have an effect(used in the pattern: apply to sb. /sth. Examples: The new pension arrangements won, t apply to people born before 1960 The advice given by the professor only applies to some of the college students 2)write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth. (used in the pattern apply for sth, apply to do sth. Examples: How many jobs had you applied for before you were offered this one? We went to the sports club so often that we decided that we might as well apply to join. 27. work on/at: try hard to achieve or improve(sth Examples: Sophia needs to work at/on her typing speed
11 22. extreme: very great Example: The girls were afraid of snakes and walked along the mountain trail with extreme caution. n. the furthest possible limit, an extreme degree Example: I know I always say that you eat too much, but there is no need to go to the other extreme. (phrase: go to extremes: do sth. so much, state sth. so strongly, that people consider your actions unacceptable and unreasonable Examples: John went to such extremes to get his promotion that everyone at the office hates him now. The film is not very good, but some critics have gone to extremes, saying it is the worst of the decade. ) 23. performance: 1) the standard achieved by a person or group of people in carrying out a particular job or activity Examples: The athlete was awarded $10,000 for his good performance in the Olympics. After several bad performances, the soccer team found their form again. 2) sth. performed in front of an audience, e.g. a play, a dance or other entertainment Examples; Stevie Wonder fought back from the shadow of death and went on to give more performances. His performance in the new production of Hamlet received much praise. 24. so much so that: to such an extent Examples; Americans treat their children as separate individuals, so much so that someone who remains dependent on their parents longer than the norm may be thought to be "immature." Some parents spoil their children, so much so that they never ask them to do an studying. 25. Continual: happening again and again, repeated Examples: The construction of the airport continued despite continual complaints from local residents. The dog's continual barking disturbed the whole neighborhood. Word choice: continual(ly), continuous(ly) Continual describes separate actions (often annoying actions you do not like) which are repeated over a period of time, e.g. : These continual interruptions are driving me mad. She’s continually flying off to different places. Continuous especially describes things and events that go on without a break, e. g. : The police formed a continuous line round the building. This product is the result of years of continuous development. We landed after flying continuously for 16 hours. 26. apply: 1) be relevant (to sb./sth.); have an effect (used in the pattern: apply to sb./sth.) Examples: The new pension arrangements won't apply to people born before 1960. The advice given by the professor only applies to some of the college students. 2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth. (used in the pattern: apply for sth., apply to do sth.) Examples: How many jobs had you applied for before you were offered this one? We went to the sports club so often that we decided that we might as well apply to join. 27. work on/at: try hard to achieve or improve (sth.) Examples: Sophia needs to work at/on her typing speed
John came back ahead of time to continue working on his thesis 28. priority: 1)sth. that one must do before anything else Examples: Being a qualified teacher is her first priority 2)sth that holds a high place among competing clainypity Earning enough money to maintain his family is a high pric Examples: The school will give priority to English and computer studies The proposals deserve support as they give priority to the needs of child ren evolve:(cause to) develop gradually( followed by into/from) Examples; The story evolves into a violent tragedy Popular music evolved from folk songs As knowledge of genetic engineering evolves, beliefs change f you want to be a poet, you must evolve your own style of writing 30. summarize: make a short account of the main points of (sth Examples: Basically, the article can be summarized in three sentences The workers' demands can be summarized as follows: shorter hours and more pay 31. contrast: compare(two people or things)so that differences are made clear(used in the pattern: contrast A andw ith B) Examples; Carrie contrasted the situation then with the present crisis Students were asked to contrast ernest hemingway with mark Twain n action of contrasting Examples: I was always reading when I was a kid, but my daughter, in contrast, just watches TV all day In contrast to the hot days, the nights are bitterly cold 32. on the one hand.on the other hand to introduce two contrasting circumstances xamples: On the one hand her temper was likely to cause trouble, but on the other hand we needed her expertise On the one hand, we have good reason to feel pleased with our progress. On the other hand we mustn,'t get complacent 33. promote: help to grow or develop amples: You don,'t have ifice environmental protection to promote economic growth Regular exercise will help promote physical and mental health 34 emerge: come out(followed by from) Examples: The postman emerged from his van soaked to the skin The magician emerged from behind the curtain n emergence(pay attention to the difference between emergence and emergency 35. pick up: gain, learn Examples: He picked up quite a lot of english during his one-year stay in America I had picked up a bit of data-processing from my son 36. enormous: extremely large(same as huge, immense Examples: Catherine inherited an enormous fortune from her parents The New Years concert was an enormous success 37. exaggerate: make(sth )seem larger, better, etc. than it really is xamples; In her resume, she has clearly exaggerated her talents a little I am bleeding to death! Don' t exaggerate -it's only a little cut Peter says he's seen"Titanic"at least 20 times but I think he's exaggerating 38. assuming(that) You use assuming that when you are considering a possible situation or event, so that think about the consequences
12 John came back ahead of time to continue working on his thesis. 28. priority: 1) sth. that one must do before anything else Examples: Being a qualified teacher is her first priority. Earning enough money to maintain his family is a high priority. 2) sth. that holds a high place among competing claims Examples: The school will give priority to English and computer studies. The proposals deserve support as they give priority to the needs of children. 29. evolve: (cause to) develop gradually (followed by into/from) Examples; The story evolves into a violent tragedy. Popular music evolved from folk songs. As knowledge of genetic engineering evolves, beliefs change. If you want to be a poet, you must evolve your own style of writing. 30. summarize: make a short account of the main points of (sth.) Examples: Basically, the article can be summarized in three sentences. The workers' demands can be summarized as follows: shorter hours and more pay. 31. contrast: compare (two people or things) so that differences are made clear (used in the pattern: contrast A and/with B) Examples; Carrie contrasted the situation then with the present crisis. Students were asked to contrast Ernest Hemingway with Mark Twain. n. action of contrasting Examples: I was always reading when I was a kid, but my daughter, in contrast, just watches TV all day. In contrast to the hot days, the nights are bitterly cold. 32. on the one hand ... on the other hand: to introduce two contrasting circumstances Examples: On the one hand her temper was likely to cause trouble, but on the other hand we needed her expertise. On the one hand, we have good reason to feel pleased with our progress. On the other hand, we mustn't get complacent. 33. promote: help to grow or develop Examples: You don't have to sacrifice environmental protection to promote economic growth. Regular exercise will help promote physical and mental health. 34. emerge: come out (followed by from) Examples: The postman emerged from his van soaked to the skin. The magician emerged from behind the curtain. n. emergence (pay attention to the difference between emergence and emergency) 35. pick up: gain, learn Examples: He picked up quite a lot of English during his one-year stay in America. I had picked up a bit of data-processing from my son. 36. enormous: extremely large (same as huge, immense) Examples: Catherine inherited an enormous fortune from her parents. The New Year's concert was an enormous success. 37. exaggerate: make (sth.) seem larger, better, etc. than it really is Examples; In her resume, she has clearly exaggerated her talents a little. — "I am bleeding to death!" — "Don't exaggerate — it's only a little cut." Peter says he's seen "Titanic" at least 20 times but I think he's exaggerating. 38. assuming (that): You use assuming that when you are considering a possible situation or event, so that think about the consequences
Examples: Assuming that we all work at the same rate, we should be finished by January Assuming that this painting really is a Van Gogh, how much do you think it 's worth? 39. valid: based on truth or sound reasoning Examples; They put forward many valid reasons for not building the skyscraper It is valid to consider memory the oldest mental skill Scientif ic theories must be backed up with valid evidence 40 worthwhile: worth doing, worth the trouble taken a: It might be worthwhile to consider buying an insurance policy a trip to the museum is always worthwhile Teaching is considered a worthwhile job Cf: worth: prep &n Worth is common only after the verb to be and after words for amounts of something, e. g How much is the ring worth? The picture is worth about two thousand pounds The balance sheet will not show the current worth of the company Dick cashed about a thousand pounds worth of travelers cheques There s about a week,'s worth of work left 41. superior: better than average or than others of the same type( followed by to Examples: Long-term stock market investments have produced superior returns compared with cash deposits The woman was greatly superior to her husband in education This wine is far superior to the one we had last week 四级大纲中形容词原形后跟介词to表示比较的形容词(这类词来自拉丁语系)还有 inferior, senior, junior, prior, etc. e.g Your thesis is superior to mine She is three years senior to m Text b Children and money 1. account: n. 1)an arrangement that you have with a bank to pay in or take out money, e.g My salary is paid directly into my bank account current account(BrE), checking account(AmE)往来帐户,活期户(往往无利息) deposit account(可拿利息但需事先通知方可提取的)存款帐户 savings account储蓄存款帐户(利息比 deposit account要高) cred it account(BrE), charge account(AmE)(商店的)信用帐户 expense account(有老板支付的)旅差费帐户 2)description; a written or spoken description which gives details of an event There were several different accounts of the story in the newspapers David gave us a vivid account of the his trip to rio her fascinating first-hand account of the Chinese Cultural Revolution furthermore: (sentence adverb) fim/ in ad d ition to what has already been said moreover Furthermore, my aim is to provide the best service possible under these difficult circumstances I suggest we go to the Italian restaurant---it's very good and furthermore it's very cheap 3. intend have something in your mind as a plan or purpose I didn' t intend her to see the painting until it was finished He was insulted by my remark, but I hadn't intended it to be offensive It is intended that all new employees well receive appropriate training 4. access: n 1)the way by which you can enter a building or reach a place Access is by means of a small door on the right Access to the restrooms is through the foyer
13 Examples: Assuming that we all work at the same rate, we should be finished by January. Assuming that this painting really is a Van Gogh, how much do you think it's worth? 39. valid: based on truth or sound reasoning Examples; They put forward many valid reasons for not building the skyscraper. It is valid to consider memory the oldest mental skill. Scientific theories must be backed up with valid evidence. 40. worthwhile: worth doing, worth the trouble taken Examples: It might be worthwhile to consider buying an insurance policy. A trip to the museum is always worthwhile. Teaching is considered a worthwhile job. Cf.: worth: prep. & n. Worth is common only after the verb to be and after words for amounts of something, e.g. How much is the ring worth? The picture is worth about two thousand pounds. The balance sheet will not show the current worth of the company. Dick cashed about a thousand pounds’ worth of travelers cheques. There ‘s about a week’s worth of work left. 41. superior: better than average or than others of the same type (followed by to ) Examples: Long-term stock market investments have produced superior returns compared with cash deposits. The woman was greatly superior to her husband in education. This wine is far superior to the one we had last week. 四级大纲中形容词原形后跟介词 to 表示比较的形容词 (这类词来自拉丁语系) 还有: inferior, senior, junior, prior, etc. e.g. : Your thesis is superior to mine. She is three years senior to me. Text B Children and Money 1. account: n . 1) an arrangement that you have with a bank to pay in or take out money, e.g. My salary is paid directly into my bank account. current account (BrE), checking account (AmE) 往来帐户，活期户（往往无利息） deposit account（可拿利息但需事先通知方可提取的）存款帐户 savings account 储蓄存款帐户（利息比 deposit account 要高） credit account(BrE), charge account(AmE) （商店的）信用帐户 expense account （有老板支付的）旅差费帐户 2) description; a written or spoken description which gives details of an event There were several different accounts of the story in the newspapers. David gave us a vivid account of the his trip to Rio. her fascinating first-hand account of the Chinese Cultural Revolution 2. furthermore: (sentence adverb) fml in addition to what has already been said; moreover Furthermore, my aim is to provide the best service possible under these difficult circumstances. I suggest we go to the Italian restaurant--- it’s very good and furthermore it’s very cheap. 3. intend: have something in your mind as a plan or purpose I didn’t intend her to see the painting until it was finished. He was insulted by my remark, but I hadn’t intended it to be offensive. It is intended that all new employees well receive appropriate training. 4. access: n 1) the way by which you can enter a building or reach a place Access is by means of a small door on the right. Access to the restrooms is through the foyer
2)the right to do sth The public don t have access to the site Access to the papers is restricted to Defense Department personnel only My ex-husband has access to the children once a week plus prep with the add ition of Three plus six equals nine The unit deals with all lung and heart cond itions, plus many other lesser ailments 6. devise: to plan or invent a way of doing something, especially something complicated and She devised a method for quicker communications between offices She is very good at devising language games that you can play with students in class 7. resource.(usu. p)) 1) something such as land, minerals, or natural energy that exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth Canad a's vast mineral resources Britain's mineral resources include oil, coal and gas deposits 2)all the money or property, skills etc that you have available We must make the best possible use of our limited financial resources a big company like IBM have huge resources of money and skill 8. keep track of follow the development of; keep in touch with It's difficult to keep track of all the new discoveries in genetics I always make sure I keep track of all the money I spend 9. deposit: n a sum of money paid into a bank account We put down a deposit on a house last week You'll have to pay one month's rent in advance, plus a deposit of $500 (m) to put many in to a bank account you are advised to deposit your valuables in the hotel safe If you deposit 20% now, you can pay the rest when the car is delivered 10. pace: n speed or rate of development, movement etc The troops marched at a steady pace The pace of change in Eastern Europe has been breathtaking Pensions and benefits have failed to keep pace with the rate of inflation 11. annual: adj Happening or done every year or once a year in annual conference Steel output reaches an annual figure of one million tons Companies publish annual reports to inform the public about the previous years activities 12. protest: vi. Express strong disagreement or disapproval about sth Several demonstrators protesting against cuts in health spending were arrested All through the trial he protested his innocence, insisting he had not robbed the shop 3. fund: (usu. pl) sum of money saved or for a particular purpose The hospital has set up a special fund to buy new equipment She has a fund of knowledge about modern jazz 14. on demand: when demanded Babies should be fed on demand The notes entitles the bearer to $20 on demand 15. from one's point of view: from a particular way of thinking about or judging a situation From a purely environmental point of view, this is not a good decision I respect your point of view, but I really don' t agree with you 16. fall apart: break, fall to pieces These toys arent well made--they come/fall apart far too easily 17. end up(doing sth): find oneself in a situation that is not intended or expecte
14 2) the right to do sth The public don’t have access to the site. Access to the papers is restricted to Defense Department personnel only. My ex-husband has access to the children once a week. 5. plus. prep. with the addition of Three plus six equals nine. The unit deals with all lung and heart conditions, plus many other lesser ailments. 6. devise: to plan or invent a way of doing something, especially something complicated and clever. She devised a method for quicker communications between offices. She is very good at devising language games that you can play with students in class. 7. resource. (usu. pl) 1) something such as land, minerals, or natural energy that exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth: Canada’s vast mineral resources Britain’s mineral resources include oil, coal and gas deposits. 2) all the money or property , skills etc that you have available: We must make the best possible use of our limited financial resources. A big company like IBM have huge resources of money and skill. 8. keep track of : follow the development of ; keep in touch with It’s difficult to keep track of all the new discoveries in genetics. I always make sure I keep track of all the money I spend. 9. deposit: n. a sum of money paid into a bank account We put down a deposit on a house last week. You’ll have to pay one month’s rent in advance, plus a deposit of $500. v. (fml) to put many in to a bank account you are advised to deposit your valuables in the hotel safe. If you deposit 20% now, you can pay the rest when the car is delivered. 10. pace: n. speed or rate of development, movement etc. The troops marched at a steady pace. The pace of change in Eastern Europe has been breathtaking. Pensions and benefits have failed to keep pace with the rate of inflation. 11. annual: adj. Happening or done every year or once a year an annual conference Steel output reaches an annual figure of one million tons. Companies publish annual reports to inform the public about the previous year’s activities. 12. protest: vi. Express strong disagreement or disapproval about sth. Several demonstrators protesting against cuts in health spending were arrested. All through the trial he protested his innocence, insisting he had not robbed the shop. 13. fund: (usu. pl) sum of money saved or for a particular purpose The hospital has set up a special fund to buy new equipment. She has a fund of knowledge about modern jazz. 14. on demand: when demanded Babies should be fed on demand. The notes entitles the bearer to $20 on demand. 15. from one’s point of view: from a particular way of thinking about or judging a situation From a purely environmental point of view, this is not a good decision. I respect your point of view, but I really don’t agree with you. 16. fall apart: break, fall to pieces These toys aren’t well made—they come/fall apart far too easily. 17. end up (doing sth): find oneself in a situation that is not intended or expected
She'll end up penniless if she caries on spend ing as much as that. After working her way around the world, she ended up teaching English as a foreign 18. undoubtedly: certainly It is undoubtedly the best film of this year. Of course, she is good at her job--- that is undoubtedly true 19. adopt: take and use as one's own Dr. Kenney has been ad opted as the party's candidate for South Cambridge Roz has adopted one or two funny mannerisms since she's been away She adopted Indian dress during her stay in the country he party has adopted a more pragmatic approach towards arms reduction 20. perspective: n. a particular way of thinking about sth Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject During the novel, there is a shift in perspective from an adult's view of events to a childs Due to its geographical position, Germanys perspective on the situation in Eastern Europe is rather different from Britain's I. Unit 2 The Richest Man in America. Down Home Art har Textbook: College english <New Edition> (Book 2, Shanghai Foreign Language Press Course: Intensive Reading Target text: Unit 2 Time Arrangement: 45x5 min Aims: 1.T introducing new concepts about upper class in America and American dreams 2.T helping Ss to understand and master effective ways of description, 3. Ss'mastering of key words and expressions with aid of T: aboard, cultivate, deserve, discount, liable, loyalty, qualify remote reserve, reward, byrom all accounts, hold to, lay down, make on the run, open up etc Procedures: I Background of the text and the author(10 min) 1. Rolls-Royce: any of the large, expensive, comfortable cars made by the british company Rolls-Royce. Many people recognize tem by the small metal statue on the front of every Rolls-Royce car. The company was formed in 1905-1906 by Charles Rolls(1877-1910)and
15 She’ll end up penniless if she caries on spending as much as that./ After working her way around the world, she ended up teaching English as a foreign language. 18. undoubtedly: certainly It is undoubtedly the best film of this year. Of course, she is good at her job--- that is undoubtedly true. 19. adopt: take and use as one’s own Dr. Kenney has been adopted as the party’s candidate for South Cambridge. Roz has adopted one or two funny mannerisms since she’s been away. She adopted Indian dress during her stay in the country. The party has adopted a more pragmatic approach towards arms reduction. 20. perspective: n. a particular way of thinking about sth. Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject. During the novel, there is a shift in perspective from an adult’s view of events to a child’s view. Due to its geographical position, Germany’s perspective on the situation in Eastern Europe is rather different from Britain’s. I.Unit 2 The Richest Man in America, Down Home Art Harris Textbook: College English <New Edition> (Book 2, Shanghai Foreign Language Press) Course: Intensive Reading Target text: Unit 2 Time Arrangement: 45×5 min Aims: 1.T introducing new concepts about upper class in America and American dreams; 2.T helping Ss to understand and master effective ways of description; 3. Ss’ mastering of key words and expressions with aid of T: aboard, cultivate, deserve, discount, liable, loyalty, qualify, remote reserve, reward, by/from all accounts, hold to, lay down, make up, on the run, open up etc. Procedures: Ⅰ.Background of the text and the author (10 min) 1. Rolls-Royce: any of the large, expensive, comfortable cars made by the British company Rolls-Royce. Many people recognize tem by the small metal statue on the front of every Rolls-Royce car. The company was formed in 1905-1906 by Charles Rolls (1877-1910) and