young by his way of teaching. Many later periods of Western history were no more tolerant of encouraging students to challengetad itional beliefs: Darwin,'s theory of evolution, for example, was for a time banned from schools in some American states on the grounds of religious belief. Much of the current debate over education surrounds the extent to which learning should be teacher -based or student-based Which of the two should decide what should be learned how it should be learned and when it should be learned? Comparing Western and Asian methods of learning it is generally true that Western methods are more student-centred, expecting students to discover things for themselves rather than relying on their teachers to tell thul 1 An extreme version of the student-centred approach can be seen at Summer hill, a school in England established by the educationalist AS Neill-1llerechildrenhavecompletefreedomtodecide what they are going to learn and which lessons they will attend. If they wish they need not attend my at all Mainstream education in England is far more strict demand ing that children attend lessons and follow a national curriculum. This curriculum and the importance of achieving good exam results tend to reinforce a more teacher-centred approach, as both teachers and students find the pressure of time leaves less opportunity for m exploratory approach to learning The extent to which learning is teacher-centred or student-centred also dep a trend in the teaching of mathematics in school classrooms in England away nds on differences between subjects. In recent years, for example, there has from having pupils work on their own or in small groups back towards a more traditional approach, with the teacher guid ing the entire class step-by-step through a lesson. nl is followed research that suggested that, as far as maths was concerned a more teacher-centred method was more effective 2. Standing on the shoulders of giants: a well-known phrase, frequently employed by inventors to express modesty about their achievements. The suggestion is that while they have been able to see further than those who came before them, it is not because they themselves are intellectual giants. Rather it is because they have been able to build upon the accumulated discoveries of their great predecessors TextA Learning, Chinese-style 1. attach: fasten or join(one thing to another)(used in the pattern: attach sth to sth Examples: Scientists discovered they could measure wind speed by attaching a wind meter to a kite and sending it up Attached to this letter you will find a copy of the document you asked for. 四级大纲中动词后跟to的类似词组还有 adapt.to使适应于 belong to属于 d.to加到.上 向…挑战,要求(比 adjust.to(使)适应于 赛、决斗等) admit to承认 向…传达 agree to同意(某一建议、安排等) compare.to把.比作 amount to总计达,相当于,等于 confess to承认,忏悔 apologize to向(某人道歉 confine..to把制在 appeal to向……呼吁;诉诸于 consent to同意,答应 对有吸引力 contribute to捐献,捐赠;有助于 apply to向(某人)请 correspond to相当于;相符,符合 attend to处理,料理;照顾,照料 devote.to为…而奉献
young by his way of teaching. Many later periods of Western history were no more tolerant of encouraging students to cha11engetaditional beliefs :Darwin's theory of evolution, for example, was for a time banned from schools in some American states on the grounds of religious belief. Much of the current debate over education surrounds the extent to which learning should be teacher-based or student-based. Which of the two should decide what should be learned, how it should be learned, and when it should be learned? Comparing Western and Asian methods of learning it is generally true that Western methods ,are more student-centred, expecting students to discover things for themselves rather than relying on their teachers to tell thuI1·An extreme version of the student-centred approach can be seen at Summer hill, a school in England established by the educationalist AS.Neill-111erechildrenhavecompletefreedomtodecide what they are going to learn and which lessons they will attend. If they wish they need not attend my at all. Mainstream education in England is far more strict, demanding that children attend lessons and follow a national curriculum. This curriculum and the importance of achieving good exam results tend to reinforce a more teacher-centred approach, as both teachers and students find the pressure of time leaves less opportunity for m exploratory approach to learning. The extent to which learning is teacher-centred or student-centred also depends on differences between subjects. In recent years, for example, there has been a trend in the teaching of mathematics in school classrooms in England away from having pupils work on their own or in small groups back towards a more traditional approach, with the teacher guiding the entire class step-by-step through a lesson.η1is followed research that suggested that, as far as maths was concerned, a more teacher-centred method was more effective. 2. Standing on the shoulders of giants: a well-known phrase, frequently employed by inventors to express modesty about their achievements. The suggestion is that while they have been able to see further than those who came before them, it is not because they themselves are intellectual giants. Rather it is because they have been able to build upon the accumulated discoveries of their great predecessors. Text A Learning, Chinese-Style 1. attach: fasten or join (one thing to another) (used in the pattern: attach sth. to sth.) Examples: Scientists discovered they could measure wind speed by attaching a wind meter to a kite and sending it up. Attached to this letter you will find a copy of the document you asked for. 四级大纲中动词后跟 to 的类似词组还有： adapt…to 使适应于 add…to 加到……上 adjust…to(使) 适应于 admit to 承认 agree to 同意(某一建议、安排等) amount to 总计达, 相当于, 等于 apologize to 向(某人)道歉 appeal to 向…… 呼吁; 诉诸 于; 对……有吸引力 apply to 向(某人)申请 attend to 处理, 料理; 照顾, 照料 belong to 属于 challenge…to 向……挑战, 要求(比 赛、决斗等) communicate…to 向……传达 compare…to 把……比作 confess to 承认, 忏悔 confine…to 把……限制在 consent to 同意, 答应 contribute to 捐献, 捐赠; 有助于 correspond to 相当于; 相符, 符合 devote…to 为……而奉献
entitle..to给.权利(或资格) reply to对作出回答 lead to(路等通向;导致 resort to诉诸,求助于 limit..to把..限制到 respond to回答,响应 object to反对 see to处理 occur to被想到,出现在脑海中 stick to坚持;忠于,信守 owe..to把功于 subject to使遭受,使服从 prefer.to喜欢胜过 submit to服从,听从 propose to向……求婚 surrender to投降,屈服 react to对.作出反应 turn to找(某人寻求帮助等) refer to提到,涉及;查阅,参考 yield to投降,让步 relate to有关,涉及 2. not in the least: not at all Examples; I am not in the least touched by the Marilyn Monroe kind of beauty Ann didn,'t seem in the least concerned about her study 3. find one 's way: reach a destination naturally; arrive at Examples: Shanghai is not an easy city to find your way around Drunk as he was, Peter still found his way home Similar phrases struggle one's way; elbow one's way; make one's way; push one's way, etc 4. phenomenon:(pl. phenomena) sth that happens or exists and that can be seen or experienced Examples: Hurricanes are a relatively common phenomenon in the Caribbean Stress-related illness is a common phenomenon in big cities Thunder and lightening are natural phenomena 5. Initial: of or at the beginning, first(ad., used only before n) Examples: If a car suddenly pulls out in of you, your initial reaction may include fear and anger Their initial burst of enthusiasm d ied down when they realized how much work the job involved 6. assist: help(used in the pattern: assist sb to do sth, assist sb with sth Examples: The professor was assisting his students to prepare their project The college student decided to assist the boy with his study Word choice: help, assist, give/lend a hand, help out, come to sb s aid/assistance, aid, give/send aid Help and assist can both describe people or institutions helping each other de ob. However, assist is more formal and often suggests that the person assisting is My company assists businesses in all their office cleaning requirements You will assist the administrative officer with day-to-day organization informal English use give/ lend a hand or help out especially where there is something practical to do and not enough people to do it you gn I sometimes lend a hand /help out at eh old folks home If someone is in danger or trouble, you may help them or more formally come to their aid/ assistance If you get into difficulties, the lifeguard will come to your assistance If a person, charity, or government helps with money or other necessary thing
entitle…to 给……权利(或资格) lead to(路等)通向; 导致 limit…to 把……限制到 object to 反对 occur to 被想到, 出现在脑海中 owe…to 把……归功于 prefer…to 喜欢……胜过…… propose to 向……求婚 react to 对……作出反应 refer to 提到, 涉及; 查阅, 参考 relate to 有关, 涉及 reply to 对……作出回答 resort to 诉诸, 求助于 respond to 回答, 响应 see to 处理 stick to 坚持; 忠于, 信守 subject to 使遭受, 使服从 submit to 服从, 听从 surrender to 投降, 屈服 turn to 找(某人寻求帮助等) yield to 投降, 让步 2. not in the least: not at all Examples; I am not in the least touched by the Marilyn Monroe kind of beauty. Ann didn't seem in the least concerned about her study. 3. find one's way: reach a destination naturally; arrive at Examples: Shanghai is not an easy city to find your way around. Drunk as he was, Peter still found his way home. Similar phrases: struggle one’s way; elbow one’s way; make one’s way; push one’s way, etc. 4. phenomenon: (pl. phenomena) sth. that happens or exists and that can be seen or experienced Examples: Hurricanes are a relatively common phenomenon in the Caribbean. Stress-related illness is a common phenomenon in big cities. Thunder and lightening are natural phenomena. 5. Initial: of or at the beginning, first (adj., used only before n.) Examples: If a car suddenly pulls out in front of you, your initial reaction may include fear and anger. Their initial burst of enthusiasm died down when they realized how much work the job involved. 6. assist: help (used in the pattern: assist sb. to do sth., assist sb. with sth.) Examples: The professor was assisting his students to prepare their project. The college student decided to assist the boy with his study. Word choice: help, assist, give/lend a hand, help out, come to sb’s aid/assistance, aid, give/send aid Help and assist can both describe people or institutions helping each other do a job. However, assist is more formal and often suggests that the person assisting is doing a simple or unimportant part of what has to be done, e.g. My company assists businesses in all their office cleaning requirements. You will assist the administrative officer with day-to-day organization. In more informal English people often use give/ lend a hand or help out, especially where there is something practical to do and not enough people to do it: Can you give me a hand with the drinks? I sometimes lend a hand / help out at eh old folk’s home. If someone is in danger or trouble, you may help them or more formally come to their aid/ assistance: My car’s broken down, can you help? If you get into difficulties, the lifeguard will come to your assistance. If a person, charity, or government helps with money or other necessary things
aid(formal)or often give/send aid may be used help would be used informal Many projects are aided by Oxfam Aid will be sent to the area as soon as possible Please help the homeless 7. insert: put, fit, place(in, into, between) Examples: Wait for a couple of minutes with your mouth closed before inserting the thermometer The doctor carefully inserted the needle into my left arm 8. somewhat: to some degree, a little examples It is reported that conditions in the village have improved somewhat sinc November Are you concerned about your exam results? "Somewhat 9. await: (fiml) wait for Await is a fairly common word in formal writing, but you do not usually use it in conversation. Instead you use"wait for. Examples We must await the results of field stud ies yet to come After I sent the letter asking for a job, I had nothing to do but await the answer 10. on occasion now and then Examples. I was usually the only foreign participant, although on occasion I brought other Americans in as guests Steve spent almost all his time doing his research, but, on occasion, he would take his son to see a film 11. neglect: give too little attention or care to Examples: He gave too much attention to his career, working long hours and neglecting his wife Their investment turned out to be a failure and the manager was accused of neglecting his duties Cf. ignore: pay no attention to sb /sth. on purpose, or as if sth. has not happened Example: I said"Good morning"to her, but she just ignored me and walked on 12. relevant: d irectly connected with the subject(followed by to, opposite irrelevant) Examples Only a few people feel the debate about the cloning of human beings is relevant to their daily lives While writing my term paper I was able to borrow all the relevant books from the 13. investiga te try to find out information about (used in the pattern: investiga te sth investigate wh-clause) Examples Police are still investigating how the car accident happened We can assure you that your complaint will be fully and properly investigated 14. exception: sb /sth. that a comment or statement does not apply to examples Normally, parents arent allowed to sit in on the classes, but in your case we can an ex cepti We feel that all the students in this class, with one or two exceptions, support the educational reforms We ithout exception all our youngsters wanted to leave school and start work en you are mentioning an exception, you often use the expression with the exception of Example: We all went to see the film, with the exception of otto, who complained of feeling unwell
aid (formal) or often give/ send aid may be used; help would be used informally: Many projects are aided by Oxfam. Aid will be sent to the area as soon as possible. Please help the homeless. 7. insert: put, fit, place (in, into, between) Examples: Wait for a couple of minutes with your mouth closed before inserting the thermometer. The doctor carefully inserted the needle into my left arm. 8. somewhat: to some degree, a little Examples: It is reported that conditions in the village have improved somewhat since November. ____ "Are you concerned about your exam results?" ____ "Somewhat." 9. await: (fml) wait for Await is a fairly common word in formal writing, but you do not usually use it in conversation. Instead you use "wait for." Examples: We must await the results of field studies yet to come. After I sent the letter asking for a job, I had nothing to do but await the answer. 10. on occasion: now and then Examples'. I was usually the only foreign participant, although on occasion I brought other Americans in as guests. Steve spent almost all his time doing his research, but, on occasion, he would take his son to see a film. 11. neglect: give too little attention or care to Examples: He gave too much attention to his career, working long hours and neglecting his wife. Their investment turned out to be a failure and the manager was accused of neglecting his duties. Cf.: ignore: pay no attention to sb./sth. on purpose, or as if sth. has not happened Example: I said "Good morning" to her, but she just ignored me and walked on. 12. relevant: directly connected with the subject (followed by to , opposite irrelevant) Examples: Only a few people feel the debate about the cloning of human beings is relevant to their daily lives. While writing my term paper I was able to borrow all the relevant books from the school library. 13. investigate: try to find out information about (used in the pattern: investigate sth., investigate + wh-clause) Examples: Police are still investigating how the car accident happened. We can assure you that your complaint will be fully and properly investigated. 14. exception: sb./sth. that a comment or statement does not apply to Examples: Normally, parents aren't allowed to sit in on the classes, but in your case we can make an exception. We feel that all the students in this class, with one or two exceptions, support the educational reforms. Without exception all our youngsters wanted to leave school and start work. When you are mentioning an exception, you often use the expression "with the exception of”. Example: We all went to see the film, with the exception of Otto, who complained of feeling unwell
15. on one's own: 1)without anyone's help Examples: You needn' t give me any help. I am able to manage on my own There are jobs your child can do on her own 2)alone xamples: The child was left on her own for hours as her mom had to deal with the emergency I'd rather not go to dance on my own. I do wish you'd come with me 四级大纲中以on开始的类似词组还有: on a large(sma) scale大(小)规 on sale出售;廉价出售 模地 on schedule按时间表,准时 on account of由于,因为 thoughts经重新考虑,继 onan/ the average平均,通常 而想 on behalf of代表,为了 tray正相反 on board在船(车、飞机)上 on the grounds of根据,以..理 on business因公,因事 由 on cond ition that如果 on the point of即将.的时候 on duty当班,值班 on the road在旅途中,在…过程 on earth究竟,到底 中 on fire起火,着火 on the side作为兼职,作为副业, on foot步行 正事以外 on guard站岗,值班 n the spot在场,到场:马上,当 on hand在场,在手边 场 on one's guard警惕,提防 on the whole总的来说,大体上 on purpose故意,有意 on time准时 16. accomplish: manage to do(sth xamples: Unless you practice you'll accomplish nothing Considering their capacity, the possibility of accomplishing the task is not high If I work hard, I think I can accomplish my goal of getting 6 A's at the end of the semester 17. in due course: at the proper time, eventually Examples. Your book will be published in due course Be patient. You'll get your promotion in due course 18. critical: 1)very important Examples; Environmentalists say a critical factor in the city's pollution is its opulation How well you accomplish this task will be critical to the success of your career. 2)very serious or dangerous Examples: In yesterday' s car accident, ten people were killed and five people are still in a critical cond ition As the situation in Afghanistan became critical, the UN Secretary-General appointed a special representative to tackle it 19. principal: adj. (rather fiml) main, chief Examples: The couple's principal concern is to earn enough money to send their children to school Her principal interest in life was to be a world-renowned pianist n. The principal of a school or college is the person in charge of it Example: Complaints from the students began arriving at the principal's office
15. on one's own: 1) without anyone's help Examples; You needn't give me any help. I am able to manage on my own. There are jobs your child can do on her own. 2) alone Examples: The child was left on her own for hours as her mom had to deal with the emergency. I'd rather not go to dance on my own. I do wish you'd come with me. 四级大纲中以 on 开始的类似词组还有: on a large (small) scale 大（小）规 模地 on account of 由于， 因为 on an/ the average 平均，通常 on behalf of 代表，为了 on board 在船（车、飞机）上 on business 因公，因事 on condition that 如果 on duty 当班，值班 on earth 究竟，到底 on fire 起火，着火 on foot 步行 on guard 站岗，值班 on hand 在场，在手边 on one’s guard 警惕，提防 on purpose 故意，有意 on sale 出售；廉价出售 on schedule 按时间表，准时 on second thoughts 经重新考虑，继 而想 on the contrary 正相反 on the grounds of 根据，以……为理 由 on the point of 即将……的时候 on the road 在旅途中，在……过程 中 on the side 作为兼职，作为副业， 正事以外 on the spot 在场，到场；马上，当 场 on the whole 总的来说，大体上 on time 准时 16. accomplish: manage to do (sth.) Examples: Unless you practice you'll accomplish nothing. Considering their capacity, the possibility of accomplishing the task is not high. If I work hard, I think I can accomplish my goal of getting 6 A's at the end of the semester. 17. in due course: at the proper time; eventually Examples'. Your book will be published in due course. Be patient. You'll get your promotion in due course. 18. critical: 1) very important Examples; Environmentalists say a critical factor in the city's pollution is its population. How well you accomplish this task will be critical to the success of your career. 2) very serious or dangerous Examples: In yesterday's car accident, ten people were killed and five people are still in a critical condition. As the situation in Afghanistan became critical, the UN Secretary-General appointed a special representative to tackle it. 19. principal: adj. (rather fml) main, chief Examples; The couple's principal concern is to earn enough money to send their children to school. Her principal interest in life was to be a world-renowned pianist. n. The principal of a school or college is the person in charge of it. Example: Complaints from the students began arriving at the principal's office
Cf. principle(see Confusable Words p 16) a principle is a basic rule that explains or controls how something works or a guiding rule for behaviour Examples: These machines work on the same principle Mr. Ward is a man of high principles 20. make up for: repay with sth good, compensate for Examples'-I didnt travel much when I was younger, but I'm certainly making up for lost time now Her husband bought her a present to make up for quarreling with her the day before 21. in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflection Examples: The young man knew in retrospect that he should have married his first In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen biology as my major 四级大纲中以in开始的类似词组还有 in a sense从某种程度上,从某点上 in public公开地,当众 看 In quantity大量 怎样 y case/ event无论如何,不管 In question正在谈论的 in regard to关于,至于 in brief简单地说 in relation to有关,与..相比 In common共同的,共有的 In return作为报答 nsequence因此,结果 in sight看得见,被见到;在望,在 in debt欠债,欠情 in detail详细地 In step齐步,合拍:一致,协调 in difficulty处境困难 In tears流着泪,在哭着 ffect实际上,事实上 n the course of在期间, in favor of支持,赞成 在.过程中 in general一般来说,大体上 the event of如果.发生,万 in hand在进行中,待办理 in the face of不顾,即使;在 in honor of为庆祝,为纪念 前面 in itself本质上,就其本身而言 in the least丝毫,一点儿 in line成一条直线,成一排 in(the) light of鉴于,由于 in line with与 致;与.符 in the way挡道,妨碍人的 合 in the world究竟,到底 in memory of纪念 in touch联系,接触 In no case无论如何不,决不 In vain陡然,白费力 In no time立即,马上 In no way决不 in order按顺序,按次序;整齐 In part部分地 in particular特别,尤其 In person亲自,本人 in place在合适的位置 in place of代替,取代,交换 在实践中,实际上 In proportion to与…成比例
Cf.: principle (see Confusable Words p.16 ) A principle is a basic rule that explains or controls how something works or a guiding rule for behaviour. Examples: These machines work on the same principle. Mr. Ward is a man of high principles. 20. make up for: repay with sth. good, compensate for Examples'- I didn't travel much when I was younger, but I'm certainly making up for lost time now. Her husband bought her a present to make up for quarreling with her the day before. 21. in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflection Examples: The young man knew in retrospect that he should have married his first love Emily. In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen biology as my major. 四级大纲中以 in 开始的类似词组还有: in a sense 从某种程度上，从某点上 看 in any case/ event 无论如何，不管 怎样 in brief 简单地说 in common 共同的，共有的 in consequence 因此，结果 in debt 欠债，欠情 in detail 详细地 in difficulty 处境困难 in effect 实际上，事实上 in favor of 支持，赞成 in general 一般来说，大体上 in hand 在进行中，待办理 in honor of 为庆祝，为纪念 in itself 本质上，就其本身而言 in line 成一条直线， 成一排 in line with 与……一致；与……符 合 in memory of 纪念 in no case 无论如何不， 决不 in no time 立即，马上 in no way 决不 in order 按顺序，按次序；整齐 in part 部分地 in particular 特别，尤其 in person 亲自，本人 in place 在合适的位置 in place of 代替，取代，交换 in practice 在实践中，实际上 in proportion to 与……成比例 in public 公开地，当众 in quantity 大量 in question 正在谈论的 in regard to 关于，至于 in relation to 有关，与……相比 in return 作为报答 in sight 看得见，被见到；在望，在 即 in step 齐步，合拍；一致，协调 in tears 流着泪，在哭着 in the course of 在 …… 期 间 , 在……过程中 in the event of 如果……发生, 万一 in the face of 不顾, 即使; 在…… 前面 in the least 丝毫, 一点儿 in (the) light of 鉴于,由于 in the way 挡道, 妨碍人的 in the world 究竟, 到底 in touch 联系, 接触 in vain 陡然, 白费力