Init 1 Fighting with the forces of nature Objectives Students will be able to 1. grasp the main idea and structure of the text; 1. do a comparison and contrast between Napoleons invasion of Russia and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet union 2. master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; 3. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit Pre-reading tasks 1. Song 2. Napoleon Nelson: Horatio nelson: British admiral admiral.海军上将,舰队司令 who defeated the french fleet in the Battle of the Nile (1798), thus ending Napoleon's attempt to conquer Egypt and destroyed French and Spanish naval forces at Trafalgar(1805), where he was mortally wounded 怀康待,霍拉肖1758-1805英国海军上将,在尼罗河战役(1798年)中打败法国舰队,这样就 结束了拿破仑征服埃及的企图。1805年在特拉尔加摧毁了法国和西班牙的海军力量并身负 重伤 Trafalgar: A cape on the southwest coast of Spain northwest of the Strait of Gibraltar.特拉法尔加 角位于西班牙西南海岸的海角,在直布罗陀海峡西北 Peninsular [the Peninsula]【史】(1808-1814年西葡“半岛战争”中指)伊比里亚/古西班牙 Elba: An island of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea between Corsica and the mainland. Napoleon Bonaparte spent his first period of exile here(May1814 February 1815)厄尔巴岛意大利的一个 岛屿,位于第勒尼安海,在意大利半岛和科西嘉岛之间,拿破仑被拿巴的第一次放逐地(1814 年5月-1815年2月) Waterloo: A town of central Belgium near Brussels. Napoleon met his final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo(June18.1815)滑铁卢比利时中部靠近布鲁塞尔的城镇。拿破仑在滑铁卢上役中 (1815年6月18日)遭到了决定性失败 Video clips bombardment:炮击;轰击- a noise of heavy bombardment猛烈的炮击声 hurl:猛投/冲,撞 cavalry: Troops trained to fight on horseback骑兵被训练在马背上战斗的部队 intersperse: To distribute among other things at intervals散置,点缀 Intersperse among使散布于,使散置于 intersperse with用.点缀着 pulse: To drive back, repel击退;驱逐,赶走 on cue:在预定的时间( exactly on the right moment, as if directed to take action at the moment back out of his agreement to blockade England plan to dictate the terms of a new deal In amputation arsonist cunning scheme
1 Unit 1 Fighting with the forces of nature Objectives Students will be able to: 1. grasp the main idea and structure of the text; 1. do a comparison and contrast between Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union; 2. master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; 3. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit. Pre-reading Tasks 1. Song 2. Napoleon Nelson: Horatio Nelson: British admiral admiral .海军上将, 舰队司令 who defeated the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile (1798), thus ending Napoleon's attempt to conquer Egypt, and destroyed French and Spanish naval forces at Trafalgar (1805), where he was mortally wounded. 怀康待，霍拉肖 1758-1805 英国海军上将，在尼罗河战役(1798 年)中打败法国舰队，这样就 结束了拿破仑征服埃及的企图。1805 年在特拉尔加摧毁了法国和西班牙的海军力量并身负 重伤 Trafalgar: A cape on the southwest coast of Spain northwest of the Strait of Gibraltar.特拉法尔加 角位于西班牙西南海岸的海角，在直布罗陀海峡西北。 Peninsular [the Peninsula ]【史】(1808-1814 年西葡“半岛战争”中指)伊比里亚/ 古西班牙 (Iberia)半岛 Elba: An island of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea between Corsica and the mainland. Napoleon Bonaparte spent his first period of exile here (May 1814-February 1815).厄尔巴岛意大利的一个 岛屿，位于第勒尼安海，在意大利半岛和科西嘉岛之间，拿破仑·波拿巴的第一次放逐地（1814 年 5 月-1815 年 2 月） Waterloo: A town of central Belgium near Brussels. Napoleon met his final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815)滑铁卢比利时中部靠近布鲁塞尔的城镇。拿破仑在滑铁卢上役中 (1815 年 6 月 18 日)遭到了决定性失败 Video clips 1) ridge: bombardment: 炮击；轰击 --a noise of heavy bombardment 猛烈的炮击声 hurl: 猛投/冲,/撞 cavalry: Troops trained to fight on horseback 骑兵被训练在马背上战斗的部队 intersperse: To distribute among other things at intervals 散置，点缀: --intersperse among 使散布于..., 使...散置于 --intersperse with 用...点缀着 repulse: To drive back; repel 击退；驱逐，赶走 on cue: 在预定的时间 (exactly on the right moment, as if directed to take action at the moment) back out of his agreement to blockade England plan to dictate the terms of a new deal dig in smash into withdraw amputation deserted arsonist cunning scheme dwindle
bloated:浮肿的,发胀的,傲慢的 气ager:落伍士兵,蔓生的枝叶,游荡者,流浪者,落后者 napoleon will go home, the architect of one of the worst disasters in Mans history crumble:Ⅴ.弄碎,粉碎,崩溃 allied forces His fate is sealed seal: to establish or determine irrevocably:注定,确定不可取消地建立或决定: Our fate was sealed我们的命运是上天注定的 3. World War ll 2)A brief introduction to the war Winston Churchill: if the British empire and its commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say THIS was their finest hour Franklin D. Roosevelt: Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our teritory, and our Interests, are in grave danger 3)A brief introduction to Hitler: Ant- Semitism:反犹太主义 Key-stone of his propaganda Institute(创立,开始) sterilization(消毒,绝育) and euthanasia(安乐死) measures: Sinti: and Roma / Gypsy: The Sinti and Roma are two large tribes or nations of the Gypsy people. The Sinti lived predominantly in Germany and western Europe. The Roma were centered in Austria and eastern Europe Slavic:n.斯拉夫语adj斯拉夫人[语的( A branch of the Indo-European language family that includes Bulgarian, Belorussian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian Slovak Slovene, Ukrainian, and Wendish.斯拉夫语印欧语系的一支,包括保加利亚语、白俄罗斯语、 捷克语、马其顿语、波兰语、俄语、塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语、斯洛伐克语、斯洛文尼亚语、 乌克兰语和文德语) 4) Barbarossa:巴巴罗萨(神圣罗马帝国皇帝,1l5-11900 directive: An order or instruction, especially one issued by a central authority指示,命令 intelligentsia:n.知识分子(集合称),知识阶层,知识界 5) Field Marshal(陆军元帅) von palace 6) repel:ⅵt击退,抵制,使厌恶,使不愉快 ival:v.竞争,对抗,相匹敌n竞争者,对手 Global-reading Tasks 1. T asks Ss the following questions on the recording: v Where and when did the storm occur? Why did the crew fear the worst would happen to them? 2. Discussion: Man or nature, which is more powerful? 1) Ss are divided into two groups. One group lists instances where man conquers nature the other group comes up with cases where the forces of nature are too powerful to be resisted 2) Several Ss from both groups report their respective lists to class; 3) T solicits opinions from other Ss: man or nature, which do you think more powerful? T may move on to Text a by saying: Man changes nature in order to live in a better condition. However. man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. when Napoleon and Hitler finally realized their arrogance, it was too late 4. True or False questions: 1)The Icy Defender" refers to the Russian river.(F) It refers to the bleak Russian winter. I 2)Napoleon and his troops gained the quick victory in Russia as they had expected. (F)
2 bloated: .浮肿的, 发胀的, 傲慢的 plummet: straggler: 落伍士兵, 蔓生的枝叶, 游荡者, 流浪者, 落后者 Napoleon will go home, the architect of one of the worst disasters in Man’s history. crumble: v.弄碎, 粉碎, 崩溃 allied forces His fate is sealed. seal: to establish or determine irrevocably:注定，确定 不可取消地建立或决定： Our fate was sealed.我们的命运是上天注定的 3. World War II 2) A brief introduction to the war: Winston Churchill: if the British empire and its commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say THIS was their finest hour! Franklin D. Roosevelt: Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests, are in grave danger. 3) A brief introduction to Hitler: Anti-Semitism: 反犹太主义 Key-stone of his propaganda: Institute (创立, 开始) sterilization (消毒, 绝育) and euthanasia (安乐死) measures: Sinti: and Roma / Gypsy: The Sinti and Roma are two large tribes or nations of the Gypsy people. The Sinti lived predominantly in Germany and western Europe. The Roma were centered in Austria and eastern Europe. Slavic: n.斯拉夫语 adj.斯拉夫人[语]的 (A branch of the Indo-European language family that includes Bulgarian, Belorussian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian, and Wendish. 斯拉夫语印欧语系的一支，包括保加利亚语、白俄罗斯语、 捷克语、马其顿语、波兰语、俄语、塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语、斯洛伐克语、斯洛文尼亚语、 乌克兰语和文德语) 4) Barbarossa::.巴巴罗萨(神圣罗马帝国皇帝,1155-1190) directive: An order or instruction, especially one issued by a central authority 指示，命令 intelligentsia: n.知识分子(集合称), 知识阶层, 知识界 5) Field Marshal (陆军元帅) von Palace 6) repel: vt.击退, 抵制, 使厌恶, 使不愉快 rival: v.竞争, 对抗, 相匹敌 n.竞争者, 对手 Global-reading Tasks 1. T asks Ss the following questions on the recording: ✓ Where and when did the storm occur? ✓ Why did the crew fear the worst would happen to them? 2. Discussion: Man or nature, which is more powerful? 1) Ss are divided into two groups. One group lists instances where man conquers nature; the other group comes up with cases where the forces of nature are too powerful to be resisted. 2) Several Ss from both groups report their respective lists to class; 3) T solicits opinions from other Ss: man or nature, which do you think more powerful? 3. T may move on to Text A by saying: Man changes nature in order to live in a better condition. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. When Napoleon and Hitler finally realized their arrogance, it was too late. 4. True or False questions: 1) “The Icy Defender” refers to the Russian river. ( F ) [ It refers to the bleak Russian winter.] 2) Napoleon and his troops gained the quick victory in Russia as they had expected. ( F )
[To Napoleon's surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. They retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. 3)Napoleon didn 't capture the capital of Russia. (F) I Napoleon captured the capital of Russia: Moscow] 4)Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in 5)German troops adopted scorch-earth policy when they entered Russia.(F) I Stalin instructed the Russian people to burn and destroy farms and factories. I 6)Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the strong resistance from the Russian people F)[Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the severe winter in Russia. I 5. Questions and Answers: 1)What happened to Napoleons army when it was retreating from Moscov --.The russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the french from fields and forests on the other hand, the temperature dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius and Napoleon's army didnt have nough clothes, food and shelter. 2)Why didnt the russian people defend their homeland in the face of Napoleons offensive? They would like to take advantage of their nature situation to fight for them 3)What tactics did Hitler use in the invasion of the Soviet Union? He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or" lightning war", tactics that had defeated the rest of Euro 4)What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad It was one of the most important battles. It ended Germany's ongoing offensive against the oviet Union and along with the second Battle of El Alamein paved the way for Nazi germanys eventual defeat 5)What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns? The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign While-reading tasks 1. T asks Ss to survey the text within three minutes and find out the main idea: Man changes nature in order to live. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia(the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter-the Icy Defender. As a result, they both failed 2. t draws Ss'attention to the subtitles in the text, then leads them through text Organization Exercise 1. In this way Ss will have a better understanding of the text structure The text can be divided into four parts, as can be easily seen from the subtitles provided by the author Part One(Paras 1-2): Introduction- Both Napoleon's and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Part Two(Paras 3-11): Napoleons military campaign against Russia Part Three(Paras 12-20): Hitler's military campaign against the Soviet Union Part Four(Para 21 ): Conclusion- The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign T explains the language points in Parts I-IV, and has Ss practice them 4. Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions. When they finish, some Ss groups report to class 3. Language points 1. stand/get/be in the way: prevent from doing sth --Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interest should never get in the way of her career I don't think kids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their relaxation 2. launch: start: send sth. on its course --ln 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the soviet Union.开始攻击
3 [To Napoleon’s surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. They retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went.] 3) Napoleon didn’t capture the capital of Russia. ( F ) [ Napoleon captured the capital of Russia: Moscow] 4) Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. ( T ) 5）German troops adopted scorch-earth policy when they entered Russia. ( F ) [ Stalin instructed the Russian people to burn and destroy farms and factories.] 6) Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the strong resistance from the Russian people. ( F ) [Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the severe winter in Russia.] 5. Questions and Answers: 1) What happened to Napoleon’s army when it was retreating from Moscow? ---The Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French from fields and forests. On the other hand, the temperature dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius and Napoleon’s army didn’t have enough clothes, food and shelter. 2) Why didn’t the Russian people defend their homeland in the face of Napoleon’s offensive? ---They would like to take advantage of their nature situation to fight for them. 3) What tactics did Hitler use in the invasion of the Soviet Union? --- He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or “lightning war”, tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. 4) What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad? ---It was one of the most important battles. It ended Germany’s ongoing offensive against the Soviet Union and along with the second Battle of El Alamein paved the way for Nazi Germany’s eventual defeat. 5) What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns? ---The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. While-reading Tasks 1. T asks Ss to survey the text within three minutes and find out the main idea: - Man changes nature in order to live. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia (the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter — the Icy Defender. As a result, they both failed. 2. T draws Ss’ attention to the subtitles in the text, then leads them through Text Organization Exercise 1. In this way Ss will have a better understanding of the text structure. - The text can be divided into four parts, as can be easily seen from the subtitles provided by the author. Part One (Paras 1-2): Introduction — Both Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Part Two (Paras 3-11): Napoleon’s military campaign against Russia Part Three (Paras 12-20): Hitler’s military campaign against the Soviet Union Part Four (Para 21): Conclusion — The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. 3. T explains the language points in Parts I-IV, and has Ss practice them. 4. Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions. When they finish, some Ss groups report to class. 3. Language Points: 1. stand / get / be in the way: prevent from doing sth. --Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interest should never get in the way of her career. --I don’t think kids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their relaxation. 2. launch: start; send sth. on its course --In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union. 开始攻击
This computer company launched a new product last week这家电脑公司上周推出 种新产品。 launch a ship使船下水 launch an artificial satellite发射人造卫星 launch one,s son into the world把儿子送到社会上 launch a new enterprise /a company创办一个新企业开一家公司 aunch a mass production movement开展群众性生产运动 a massive campaign发动一场大规模运动 threats at sb.向某人发出威胁 ~into(积极有力地)开始 He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs 他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。 out(精力充沛或戏剧性地)开始 .she wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films 她不是仅仅想当一名歌手,现正在积极涉足电影界。 3. retreat: move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.我们采取如下策略:敌进我退,敌退我追 ~from从……撤退 to:撤退到 Opposite: advance; to advance against(on,to, toward..)朝……前进 4.be/ get bogged down: be unable to make progress俗]陷于泥沼;陷于困境,停顿 (bog:wtvi.)(与down连用)陷入沼泽;陷入困境 I got bogged down by the difficult homework课外作业把我给难住了 - How did the construction work bog down?建筑工程怎样会停下来的 The talks with the laborers got bogged down on the question of the pay rise. (T) 关于增加工资的问题使同工人们进行的谈判陷入了僵局。 The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the air pollution Many cars were bogged down because of /in the knee-deep snow Don t bog me down in this mass of detail.不要让我陷入这些难缠的琐事中。 We worried that the heavy rain across the prairie would soon bog our car.我们担心平原上的大 雨将很快使我们的汽车陷入淤泥 5 engage: begin fighting with sb.; etc - he commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately.与敌人开战 draw to; involve;(cause to) take part in or do I have no time to engage in gossip We tried to engage him in our conversation but in vain attract sb's interest We failed to engage any active support for our project - His good nature engages everyone他善良的性情吸引每个人 occupy占 Work engages much of her time.工作占去她很多时间。 as使聘为 in从事;使参加 ~with与……啮合 nie he: clench one' s teeth:[齿轮等]如上下牙齿那样咬紧:打谷 机的齿轮啮合性很好) 5. take a gamble take a risk he is taking a gamble investing all he The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. 6. press on ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way(used in the pattern: press on ahead with sth
4 --This computer company launched a new product last week.这家电脑公司上周推出一 种新产品。 launch a ship 使船下水 launch an artificial satellite 发射人造卫星 launch one's son into the world 把儿子送到社会上 launch a new enterprise /a company 创办一个新企业/开一家公司 launch a mass production movement 开展群众性生产运动 ~ a massive campaign 发动一场大规模运动 ~ threats at sb. 向某人发出威胁 ~ into （积极有力地）开始 --He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs. 他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。 ~ out （精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始 --She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films. 她不是仅仅想当一名歌手，现正在积极涉足电影界。 3. retreat: move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty --After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward. --We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。 ~ from 从……撤退 ~ to: 撤退到 Opposite: advance: to advance against (on, to, toward…) 朝……前进 4. be / get bogged down: be unable to make progress[俗] 陷于泥沼; 陷于困境; 停顿 (bog: vt. vi. ) （与 down 连用）陷入沼泽；陷入困境 -- I got bogged down by the difficult homework.课外作业把我给难住了。 --How did the construction work bog down?建筑工程怎样会停下来的? --The talks with the laborers got bogged down on the question of the pay rise. (喻) 关于增加工资的问题使同工人们进行的谈判陷入了僵局。 --The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the air pollution. --Many cars were bogged down because of / in the knee-deep snow. --Don't bog me down in this mass of detail. 不要让我陷入这些难缠的琐事中。 We worried that the heavy rain across the prairie would soon bog our car. 我们担心平原上的大 雨将很快使我们的汽车陷入淤泥。 5 engage: begin fighting with sb.; etc --The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately. 与敌人开战 draw to; involve ; (cause to) take part in or do; --I have no time to engage in gossip. --We tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain. attract sb’s interest; --We failed to engage any active support for our project. --His good nature engages everyone.他善良的性情吸引每个人。 occupy 占 -- Work engages much of her time. 工作占去她很多时间。 ~ as 使聘为 ~ in 从事；使参加 ~ with 与……啮合(nie he : clench one’s teeth; : [齿轮等]如上下牙齿那样咬紧: 打谷 机的齿轮啮合性很好) 5. take a gamble: take a risk --She is taking a gamble investing all her money in real estate. --The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. 6. press on / ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the pattern: press on / ahead with sth.)
Despite fierce opposition, the government is pressing on with its campaign to eliminate corruption. --We can' t retreat; we can only press on/ahead with the reform 7. minus: prep. ---below zero --Tomorrow's temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees celcius made less by,,10 20 minus 10 . The gross profit of an automobile manufacturer equals the value of its car sales minus the cost of making cars Informal) without(没有) I went to work minus my briefcase.(我在没有公文包的情况下去上班) adj.( Mathematics) Negative or on the negative part of a scale: fil'J a minus value一个负值 minus five degrees零下五度 Ranking on the lower end of a designated scale: iika'J 我在考试中得了B减。( got B minus in the examination) n. the minus sign(-)减号; a negative quantity.负数:一个负的值和数, a deficiency or defect.不足或缺点 8. alliance: A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance commo interests or causes联盟,同盟;联姻:结盟 make an alliance结成联盟 The two countries made an alliance.两国结盟。 economical alliance经济同盟 International Co-operativeA-国际合作社联盟 - Nationala- of Businessmen全国工商业主联盟 There is an alliance between logic and metaphysics逻辑与形而上学之间有类似之 enter into(an) alliance with与.结成联盟,与.联合 9. catch sb. off guard take sb. by surprise使措手不及/大吃一惊 The reporters question caught the foreign minister off guard The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard as he got a divorce only a couple of months ago 0. instruct: give orders or directions to sb. (used in the patterns: instruct sb. to do sth, instruct sb. that; instruct sb. with quote) My parents instructed me to start early.吩咐/命令某人早动身 .The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project Go and say hi to her, Ken, Peter instructed -- Ive been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives/ for the teacher我奉命在这 里等老师来 teach sb.(used in the pattern: instruct sb in /on sth He instructed family members in nursing techniques - instruct a class in history给一个班学生上历史课 (- They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job他们教给了我做这项工作的最 好办法。) 1l. render: cause to be in a specified condition,make使成为…使成为;制成 Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake/food.地震导致成百 上千的人无家可归。 He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck - The news rendered her speechless这个消息使她变得默默无言 His laziness renders him fat To give or make available, provide:给予或使可获得;提供: render assistance给予援助 to:译成(某种语言): to render sth into chinese译成中文
5 --Despite fierce opposition, the government is pressing on with its campaign to eliminate corruption. --We can’t retreat; we can only press on / ahead with the reform. 7. minus: prep. --- below zero; --Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees celcius. made less by; --20 minus 10 is 10. --The gross profit of an automobile manufacturer equals the value of its car sales minus the cost of making cars. (Informal) without (没有) --I went to work minus my briefcase. (我在没有公文包的情况下去上班) adj.( Mathematics) Negative or on the negative part of a scale:负的： --a minus value 一个负值 --minus five degrees 零下五度 Ranking on the lower end of a designated scale: 减的 --我在考试中得了 B 减。(I got B minus in the examination.) n. the minus sign (-).减号; a negative quantity. 负数：一个负的值和数; a deficiency or defect. 不足或缺点 8. alliance: A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance common interests or causes 联盟，同盟；联姻；结盟 make an alliance 结成联盟 --The two countries made an alliance. 两国结盟。 --economical alliance 经济同盟 --International Co-operative A-国际合作社联盟 --National A-of Businessmen 全国工商业主联盟 --There is an alliance between logic and metaphysics.逻辑与形而上学之间有类似之 处。 enter into (an) alliance with 与...结成联盟, 与...联合 9. catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise 使措手不及/大吃一惊 --The reporter’s question caught the foreign minister off guard. --The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard as he got a divorce only a couple of months ago. 10. instruct: give orders or directions to sb. (used in the patterns: instruct sb. to do sth.; instruct sb. that; instruct sb. with quote); --My parents instructed me to start early. 吩咐 / 命令某人早动身 --The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project. --“Go and say hi to her, Ken,” Peter instructed. -- I’ve been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives / for the teacher.我奉命在这 里等老师来。 teach sb. (used in the pattern: instruct sb. in / on sth.) --He instructed family members in nursing techniques. --instruct a class in history 给一个班学生上历史课 (--They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job 他们教给了我做这项工作的最 好办法。) 11. render: cause to be in a specified condition, make 使成为…使成为；制成 -- Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake / flood.地震导致成百 上千的人无家可归。 --He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck. --The news rendered her speechless.这个消息使她变得默默无言 --His laziness renders him fat. To give or make available; provide:给予或使可获得；提供： --render assistance 给予援助 ~ into: 译成（某种语言）: to render sth into Chinese 译成中文