化学工程实验教学资源（安全资料）耶鲁大学——Chemistry Department Safety Manual.pdf

24IX.LaboratoryDoorEmergencyStickerI.IntroductionThe wide variety of chemicals, biological agents, radioactive materials and research equipment that may present risktoresearchersand staffalikerequires propertraining,awareness,andvigilance.Thisdocument'sprincipal focus isupon chemical safety.However,there is something here for everyone! There is an old saying that familiarity breedscontempt.This adage is true if one adopts a cavalier attitudetoward one's local work environment.On the otherhand,itisimportantthatallresearchersbeinformedaboutpotentialdangersoutsideoftheirownlaboratoryAccidents may arise whenyou visit a laboratorythat is out of your area ofexpertise.Moreover,there is the outsidechance that you may find yourself called upon to aid a fellow researcher in need of medical assistance.Would yoube adequately prepared?This document was compiled with the assistance of the Yale Office of Environmental Health and Safety to addressissues thathave immediaterelevance to the Department of Chemistry.These guidelines are intended to focusattention ontheaspects of laboratory safetythatarethecommon concernof all whoworkintheChemistryDepartment.Ifa particular operation orprocedure isnotmentioned in this document, onemaynot assume thattheprocedure or operation is safe.Its absencemay simply reflect the impossibilityof anticipatingall conceivable andspecializedlaboratorysituations.This document does not replace Yale University's Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)..The CHP was written to complywith the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA)laboratory health standard (OccupationalExposurestoHazardousChemicals inLaboratories(29CFR1910.1450)).TheCHP isthemostdetailed andauthoritativeinformationTheCHPisavailableonlineavailabletoyou.athttp:/www.yale.edu/oehs/pdfforms.htm in PDF format or from the Office of Environmental Health & Safety (5-3550).The CHP identifies howYale University is complying with issues of chemical safety.It is yourresponsibilitytoreviewand tofollowtheprocedures outlined in this plan.Before a researcher (staff assistant,postdoctoral, graduate student orundergraduate)begins initial work in alaboratory,he/sheistobeapprisedofpotential hazards(chemicals,lasers,autoclaves,etc.)associated withtheparticular laboratory in whichhe/shewill work.Researchers aretobe instructed bytheirresearcheradvisoronpersonal protective equipmentthat should be worn.Theuse of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)isdiscussed in the CHP, Appendix G.All researchers who use chemicals must take the on-line Laboratory Chemical Safety training course[http:/info.med.yale.edu/chemsafe/] or attend the training sessions offered at OEHS.Atraining schedulecan be found on the OEHS webpage [www.yale.edu/oehs/trainingreq.htm].All researchers who generate hazardous waste must take the on-line Hazard Chemical Waste Managementtraining course [http://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/].If youhave questions about safelaboratorypractices, see your research advisor or a memberof the departmentalsafetycommittee,callyourOEHSSafetyAdvisor,theOEHSat5-3550,orconsultwebresourceslisted in SectionII.Il.SafetyLinks ontheInternet3

3 IX. Laboratory Door Emergency Sticker 24 I. Introduction The wide variety of chemicals, biological agents, radioactive materials and research equipment that may present risk to researchers and staff alike requires proper training, awareness, and vigilance. This document's principal focus is upon chemical safety. However, there is something here for everyone! There is an old saying that familiarity breeds contempt. This adage is true if one adopts a cavalier attitude toward one's local work environment. On the other hand, it is important that all researchers be informed about potential dangers outside of their own laboratory. Accidents may arise when you visit a laboratory that is out of your area of expertise. Moreover, there is the outside chance that you may find yourself called upon to aid a fellow researcher in need of medical assistance. Would you be adequately prepared? This document was compiled with the assistance of the Yale Office of Environmental Health and Safety to address issues that have immediate relevance to the Department of Chemistry. These guidelines are intended to focus attention on the aspects of laboratory safety that are the common concern of all who work in the Chemistry Department. If a particular operation or procedure is not mentioned in this document, one may not assume that the procedure or operation is safe. Its absence may simply reflect the impossibility of anticipating all conceivable and specialized laboratory situations. This document does not replace Yale University's Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP). The CHP was written to comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) laboratory health standard (Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (29 CFR 1910.1450)). The CHP is the most detailed and authoritative information available to you. The CHP is available online at http://www.yale.edu/oehs/pdfforms.htm in PDF format or from the Office of Environmental Health & Safety (5- 3550). The CHP identifies how Yale University is complying with issues of chemical safety. It is your responsibility to review and to follow the procedures outlined in this plan. • Before a researcher (staff assistant, postdoctoral, graduate student or undergraduate) begins initial work in a laboratory, he/she is to be apprised of potential hazards (chemicals, lasers, autoclaves, etc.) associated with the particular laboratory in which he/she will work. Researchers are to be instructed by their researcher advisor on personal protective equipment that should be worn. The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is discussed in the CHP, Appendix G. • All researchers who use chemicals must take the on-line Laboratory Chemical Safety training course [http://info.med.yale.edu/chemsafe/] or attend the training sessions offered at OEHS. A training schedule can be found on the OEHS webpage [www.yale.edu/oehs/trainingreq.htm]. • All researchers who generate hazardous waste must take the on-line Hazard Chemical Waste Management training course [http://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/] . If you have questions about safe laboratory practices, see your research advisor or a member of the departmental safety committee, call your OEHS Safety Advisor, the OEHS at 5-3550, or consult web resources listed in Section II. II. Safety Links on the Internet

safety-relatedlinkstheImportantavailableChemistryDepartment'swebsiteareat[http:/www.chem.yale.edu/resources.html]andbelow:YaleOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthandSafetyhttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/YaleUniversityChemical HygienePlanhttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDFfiles/chprev98.pdfChemical Hazardous WasteDisposal Traininghttp://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/Chemical SafetyintheLaboratoryTraininghttp://info.med.vale.edu/chemsafeChemicalHazardousWasteDisposalRuleshttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htmMaterial SafetyDataSheets(MSDS)http://www.yale.edu/oehs/msds.htmLaserSafetyManual1997http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/laserman.pdfChemical,Biological &Radioactive Spillshttp://www.yale.edu/oehs/emergpr.htnhttp://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s3.htmLaboratoryBiosafetyLevelCriteriaRadiation Safety Procedures Manual 1997http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDFfiles/radmanO0.pdfThe SCL Library has safety related manuals.Prudent Practices in the Chemical Laboratory:Handling andDisposalofChemicals(1995)is anexcellent sourceIll. Cardinal Rules ofLaboratory SafetyBe sure that your fume hood works properly; use it for all chemical operations.Use a vaneometer to checkhoodflowrates (acceptablerate:100±20linearfeetperminute)Ifyoucallthephysicalplant(2-6888),besureyoualsoe-mailJoanneBentleythatyouhavedonesotoassurethattheworkiscompletedNever work in the laboratory alone.Make sure someone is within shouting distanceAlwayswear eyeprotection inthelaboratory.Forroutinework,prescriptionglasses withtempered lensesorplasticglasses(availableinthestockroom)areacceptable.Forwork underconditionsof specialhazard(explosion,corrosivechemicals),useafaceshield.EYEPROTECTIONALSOISREOUIREDFORALLVISITORSINTHELABORATORYForthepurposeofthisguideline,the"laboratory"isdefinedasthebencharea ora supportingnon-isolated instrumentationroom.Contactlenses should notbeworn inthelaboratory.They offer little protection and, ifa chemical should enter your eyes, contact lenses will hinderproperfirstaidWhen working with chemicals, wear gloves that are appropriate for the material being handled. Use ofespeciallyhazardous reagents (bromine,chlorosulfonic acid,etc.)may require arubber apronalsoProtectivegarments are not equallyeffective foreveryhazardous chemical.Check withYale's CHP(2.3.2.2) at http://www.yale.edu/ oehs/pdfforms.htm.Keepa clean laboratory,Clutteroffers theopportunityforaccidentsEating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden in the laboratory (See University Policy on Eating, Drinking,and Smoking in Yale's CHP, Appendix B).Food and drink containers located in the laboratory are apresumption (OSHA) of these activities having been carried out in the laboratory.In KCL,the"Fishbowl"is normallyavailableasa lunchroom.Smoking isforbiddenwithintheconfinesofbothKCLandSCLFollow theprescribed procedures(http://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htm)for disposal ofchemicalwasteandforthestorageof chemicals.Dowhatyoucantoreducethechemical wastegeneratedinthecourse ofyour research.Never pipette by mouth.4

4 Important safety-related links are available at the Chemistry Department's website [http://www.chem.yale.edu/resources.html] and below: Yale Office of Environmental Health and Safety http://www.yale.edu/oehs/ Yale University Chemical Hygiene Plan http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/chp_rev98.pdf Chemical Hazardous Waste Disposal Training http://info.med.yale.edu/chemhaz/ Chemical Safety in the Laboratory Training http://info.med.yale.edu/chemsafe/ Chemical Hazardous Waste Disposal Rules http://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htm Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) http://www.yale.edu/oehs/msds.htm Laser Safety Manual 1997 http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/laserman.pdf Chemical,Biological & Radioactive Spills http://www.yale.edu/oehs/emergpr.htm Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s3.htm Radiation Safety Procedures Manual 1997 http://www.yale.edu/oehs/PDF_files/radman00.pdf The SCL Library has safety related manuals. Prudent Practices in the Chemical Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals (1995) is an excellent source. III. Cardinal Rules of Laboratory Safety • Be sure that your fume hood works properly; use it for all chemical operations. Use a vaneometer to check hood flow rates (acceptable rate: 100 ± 20 linear feet per minute). If you call the physical plant (2-6888), be sure you also e-mail Joanne Bentley that you have done so to assure that the work is completed. • Never work in the laboratory alone. Make sure someone is within shouting distance. • Always wear eye protection in the laboratory. For routine work, prescription glasses with tempered lenses or plastic glasses (available in the stockroom) are acceptable. For work under conditions of special hazard (explosion, corrosive chemicals), use a face shield. EYE PROTECTION ALSO IS REQUIRED FOR ALL VISITORS IN THE LABORATORY. For the purpose of this guideline, the "laboratory" is defined as the bench area or a supporting non-isolated instrumentation room. Contact lenses should not be worn in the laboratory. They offer little protection and, if a chemical should enter your eyes, contact lenses will hinder proper first aid. • When working with chemicals, wear gloves that are appropriate for the material being handled. Use of especially hazardous reagents (bromine, chlorosulfonic acid, etc.) may require a rubber apron also. Protective garments are not equally effective for every hazardous chemical. Check with Yale's CHP (2.3.2.2) at http://www.yale.edu/ oehs/pdfforms.htm. • Keep a clean laboratory. Clutter offers the opportunity for accidents. • Eating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden in the laboratory (See University Policy on Eating, Drinking, and Smoking in Yale's CHP, Appendix B). Food and drink containers located in the laboratory are a presumption (OSHA) of these activities having been carried out in the laboratory. In KCL, the "Fishbowl" is normally available as a lunchroom. Smoking is forbidden within the confines of both KCL and SCL. • Follow the prescribed procedures (http://www.yale.edu/oehs/hazwaste.htm) for disposal of chemical waste and for the storage of chemicals. Do what you can to reduce the chemical waste generated in the course of your research. • Never pipette by mouth

Keep aisles and corridors clear.Do not store chemicals on thefloor,even temporarily.Access to emergencyequipment(fireextinguishers,showers,etc.)mustbeunobstructed.Know what you are doing in the laboratory. If you do not know how to go about an operation, asksomeonewhodoes.Become familiar with the location of fire extinguishers, spill kits, and safety blankets in your area.Familiarizeyourself withtheiruse.All chemical laboratories musthave access to a spillkit.Spillkits areavailableinthestockroom.Do not carry chemicals inglass bottles through thehallways withoutusinga rubber bucketor cart.Thestockroom has safety carriers for sale.Large flasks (e.g., Erlenmeyer) should be moved from room to roomortoandfromautoclavesoncarts.When you check out at the end of your studies in the the Chemistry Department, make sure your bench anddesk arecleanand thatall wastechemicals areproperlyremovedBESURETHATTHECONTENTSOFALL CONTAINERS ARE PROPERLY IDENTIFIED.Disposal of unknown materials costs are at least anorderofmagnitudegreaterthanfornormal disposalWrite (in indelible pen)the date on new chemicals that are brought into the laboratory.This procedure isparticularly important for peroxide-forming compounds (e.g-, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF))Thefollowing sections are intended to give moredetails on some specificprocedures.It mustbere-emphasizedhowever,thatno setof rules can substitutefor common sense and agood professional attitudetoward laboratorysafety.IV.CardinalRules of LaserSafetyThewordlaser"is an acronymforthephraseLightAmplification through Simulated Emissionof Radiation."Thelaser is a source of extremely intense light having properties that are very different from the light emitted by moreconventional sources.Oneshould be awareof theseuniquecharacteristics andmustobservetheproper safetyprecautions before attempting to operate such devices. The energy level of a laser can be high enough to causeseriousdamagetotheeve.withpossibleloss ofvisionif thebeamwereto impinge directlyon theretinaFurthermore,uncontrolled laser light can causeserious flesh burns,ignite inflammablematerials,and damagesensitive optical equipment. Since laser radiation is collimated and coherent the energy in an emerging beamremains high and, therefore,dangerous even after propagating large distancesfrom thesource.The user is thereforeadvised to observethefollowing safetyrules:Thecovers forthepower supplyand optical headalways should be inplacewhen thelaseris energized.Built-ininterlocksaredesignedtoterminatelaser emissionif covers areremoved.Undernormal conditions,opticalradiation onlywill beemitted throughtheoutput aperture-coverremoval canleadto several addition sourcesof (uncontrolled)radiation output.Limit laser access to those individuals familiar with the equipment. Inexperienced and untrained personnelshould observe strict safety precautions.In particular,do not wear highly reflective jewelry,watches, etc. whenworking inthe vicinityofa laser source!Endeavor tokeep all laserbeams at heights far removed from normal eye level.Inparticular,when bendingover(e.g.,topickupadroppedpenorpad),itisadvisabletoturnawayfromthelaserapparatusand/orcloseyour eyes as your head passes through“beam level."Donotoperatethelaserinthepresenceofflammables,combustibles,explosives,orvolatilesubstances.Donotallowthebeamto impingeuponflammableorcombustiblematerials(e.g.,wood,paper,paint,etc.).5

5 • Keep aisles and corridors clear. Do not store chemicals on the floor, even temporarily. Access to emergency equipment (fire extinguishers, showers, etc.) must be unobstructed. • Know what you are doing in the laboratory. If you do not know how to go about an operation, ask someone who does. • Become familiar with the location of fire extinguishers, spill kits, and safety blankets in your area. Familiarize yourself with their use. All chemical laboratories must have access to a spill kit. Spill kits are available in the stockroom. • Do not carry chemicals in glass bottles through the hallways without using a rubber bucket or cart. The stockroom has safety carriers for sale. Large flasks (e.g., Erlenmeyer) should be moved from room to room or to and from autoclaves on carts. • When you check out at the end of your studies in the the Chemistry Department, make sure your bench and desk are clean and that all waste chemicals are properly removed. BE SURE THAT THE CONTENTS OF ALL CONTAINERS ARE PROPERLY IDENTIFIED. Disposal of unknown materials costs are at least an order of magnitude greater than for normal disposal. • Write (in indelible pen) the date on new chemicals that are brought into the laboratory. This procedure is particularly important for peroxide-forming compounds (e.g., diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF)). The following sections are intended to give more details on some specific procedures. It must be re-emphasized, however, that no set of rules can substitute for common sense and a good professional attitude toward laboratory safety. IV. Cardinal Rules of Laser Safety The word “laser” is an acronym for the phrase “Light Amplification through Simulated Emission of Radiation.” The laser is a source of extremely intense light having properties that are very different from the light emitted by more conventional sources. One should be aware of these unique characteristics and must observe the proper safety precautions before attempting to operate such devices. The energy level of a laser can be high enough to cause serious damage to the eye, with possible loss of vision if the beam were to impinge directly on the retina. Furthermore, uncontrolled laser light can cause serious flesh burns, ignite inflammable materials, and damage sensitive optical equipment. Since laser radiation is collimated and coherent, the energy in an emerging beam remains high and, therefore, dangerous even after propagating large distances from the source. The user is therefore advised to observe the following safety rules: • The covers for the power supply and optical head always should be in place when the laser is energized. Built-in interlocks are designed to terminate laser emission if covers are removed. Under normal conditions, optical radiation only will be emitted through the output aperture – cover removal can lead to several addition sources of (uncontrolled) radiation output. • Limit laser access to those individuals familiar with the equipment. Inexperienced and untrained personnel should observe strict safety precautions. In particular, do not wear highly reflective jewelry, watches, etc. when working in the vicinity of a laser source! • Endeavor to keep all laser beams at heights far removed from normal eye level. In particular, when bending over (e.g., to pick up a dropped pen or pad), it is advisable to turn away from the laser apparatus and/or close your eyes as your head passes through “beam level.” • Do not operate the laser in the presence of flammables, combustibles, explosives, or volatile substances. Do not allow the beam to impinge upon flammable or combustible materials (e.g., wood, paper, paint, etc.)