TRaditional File Processing File Organization ■ registration品 Class programs Class file Accounts programs Class file accounting athletics師 ports programs Class file
HUANG Lihua, Fudan University Traditional File Processing & File Organization registration Class programs Class file accounting Accounts programs Class file athletics Sports programs Class file
O Traditional file Processing file Organization Master file Data elements A to z Derivative files ACCOUNTING FINAnce Users program I BCD HUMAN Application RESOURCES program 2 (A(BD(E Users SALES AND Application MARKETING Users program 3 A(BCG MANUFACTURING Application Users program 4 AEOG
HUANG Lihua, Fudan University Traditional File Processing & File Organization
Problems Arising from the File organization Data Redundancy: The same piece of information could be duplicated in several files · Data Inconsistency Data Isolation: Data files are likely to be organized differently, stored in different formats, and often physicall inaccessible to other applications data integrity problem: It is difficult to place data integrity constraints across multiple data files pplication and data Independence: In the file environment, the applications and their associated data files are dependent on each other Poor security: is difficult to enforce in the file environment Lack of data sharing availability Flat File
HUANG Lihua, Fudan University Problems Arising from the File Organization • Data Redundancy: The same piece of information could be duplicated in several files. • Data Inconsistency: • Data Isolation: Data files are likely to be organized differently, stored in different formats, and often physically inaccessible to other applications. • data integrity problem: It is difficult to place data integrity constraints across multiple data files. • Application and Data Independence: In the file environment, the applications and their associated data files are dependent on each other. • Poor security: is difficult to enforce in the file environment. • Lack of data sharing & availability Flat File
roblems Arising from the File organization Data redundancy; Data Inconsistency Data Isolation, data integrity problem Application and Data Independence, Security, data sharing problem These problems led to the development of dATABaSE
HUANG Lihua, Fudan University Problems Arising from the File Organization • Data Redundancy; • Data Inconsistency; • Data Isolation, data integrity problem; • Application and Data Independence; • Security, data sharing problem. These problems led to the development of DATABASE
DATABASE A Database is an organized logical grouping of related files In a database. data are stored managed in a convenient form, and integrated and related so that one set of software programs provides access to all the data
HUANG Lihua, Fudan University DATABASE • A Database is an organized logical grouping of related files. • In a Database, data are stored & managed in a convenient form, and integrated and related so that one set of software programs provides access to all the data