Advantages No bulky liquid pumps are required Electrowetting uses microwatts of power Can be easily battery powered Standard low-cost fabrication methods can be used Continuous-flow systems .18433D use expensive lithographic techniques to create channels Digital microfluidic chips are possible using solely PCB processes Droplet Transport on PCB(Isometric View) 11
Advantages • No bulky liquid pumps are required – Electrowetting uses microwatts of power – C b il b tt d Can be easily battery powered • Standard low-cost fabrication methods can be used – Continuous-flow systems use expensive lithographic techniques to create techniques to create channels – Digital microfluidic chips are possible using solely PCB processes Droplet Transport on PCB (Isometric View) 11
Advantages of Digital Microfluidics Digital Microfluidics Other Microfluidic Technologies Very accurate droplet volumes Pump fluids through channels Droplet sizes in the 1 nanoliter to several microliter range;droplet dispensing volume Must adapt assays to channel- variation ~1% based format Programmable,software-driven electronic Complex or multiplexed assays control become a plumber's nightmare - No moving parts,tubes,pumps or valves Off-chip pumps and valves mean More efficient use of samples and reagents large,expensive equipment and low reliability No liquid is wasted priming channels Extremely energy efficient Expensive,time consuming,up- front investments required for most Nanowatts of power per single step of chip developments actuation Development cycles are short,and assays Designs are fixed in the development process can be implemented with software changes Compatible with live biologic and most other materials .Droplets moved in "virtual channels"defined by electrodes .Programmable electrodes directly control discrete droplet operations 12
Advantages of Digital Microfluidics • Very accurate droplet volumes – Droplet sizes in the 1 nanoliter to several microliter range; droplet dispensing volume ariation 1% • Pump fluids through channels • Must adapt assays to channelbased format Digital Microfluidics Other Microfluidic Technologies variation ~1% • Programmable, software-driven electronic control – No moving parts, tubes, pumps or valves • More efficient use of samples and reagents based format • Complex or multiplexed assays become a plumber’s nightmare • Off-chip pumps and valves mean large, expensive equipment and l li bilit More efficient use of samples and reagents – No liquid is wasted priming channels • Extremely energy efficient – Nanowatts of power per single step of actuation D l t l ht d low reliabilit y • Expensive, time consuming, upfront investments required for most chip developments • Desi gns are fixed in the • Development cycles are s hort, an d assays can be implemented with software changes • Compatible with live biologic and most other materials g development process •Droplets moved in “ i t l h l ” d fi d “virtual c hannels” d efine d by electrodes •Programmable electrodes directly control discrete dro plet 12 operations
Applications of Digital Microfluidic Biochips ·Drug discovery and Environmental and other biotechnology applications -Proteomics -Micro-optics High-throughput screening 一 Countering bioterrorism -Genomics Air/water/agro food Medical diagnostics and monitoring therapeutics -Clinical chemistry -Immunoassays Nucleic acid tests 13
App g lications of Digital Microfluidic Biochips • Drug y discovery and • Environmental and other biotechnology – Proteomics applications – Micro-optics – High-throughput screening – Genomics Medical diagnostics and – Countering bioterrorism – Air/water/agro food • Medical diagnostics and monitoring therapeutics – Clinical chemistry monitoring – Immunoassays – Nucleic acid tests 13
Design Automation:Biochip Synthesis Full-custom bottom-up design Top-down system-level design S1:Plasma,S2:Serum, Behavioral description of S3:Urine,S4:Saliva biomedical assay sampled and assayed for glucose. lactate,pyruvate and glutamate measurement Assay1:Glucose assay, Assay2:Lactate assay, Architectural-level Synthesis Assay3:Pyruvate assay, Assay4:Glutamate assay Mixer Detector S1,S2.S3 and S4 are Macroscopic structure of biochip assayed for Assay1, Memory Mixer Assay2,Assay3 and Assay4. Geometry-level Synthesis -Scheduling of operations Binding to functional Layout of biochip resources -Physical design 14
Design Automation: Biochip Synthesis • Full-custom bottom-up design Top-down system-level design S1: Plasma, S2: Serum, S3: Urine, S4: Saliva Assay1: Glucose assay, Assay2: Lactate assay, Assay3: Pyruvate assay, A 4 Gl t t Assay 4: Gl u tama te assay S1, S2, S3 and S4 are assayed for Assay1, Scheduling of operations Assay2, Assay3 and Assay4. Scheduling of operations Binding to functional resources Physical design 14 Physical design
Physical Design:Module Placement Placement determines the locations of each module on the microfluidic array in order to optimize some design metrics High dynamic reconfigurability:module placement>3-D packing modified 2-D packing Module 3 T M (b)2-D placement at t=t t Module 3 Module 1 Reduction from Module 2 3_D placement Module 2 t2 (c)2-D placement at f=t2 to a modified Module 3 2-D placement Module 2 (a)3-D placement (d)Modified 2-D placement 15
Physical Design: Module Placement • Placement determines the locations of each module on the microfluidic array in order to optimize some design metrics • Hi h d i fi bilit d l l t Hi g h dynamic reconfigurability: mo d ule placemen t 3 - D packing modified 2-D packing Reduction from 3_D placement to a modified 2 -Dl t p acemen t 15