What happened during evolution？The gene“package”chromosome 进化过程中发生了什么？从染色体-基因的包裹说起 人的23对染色体（女） 染色体多彩荧光染色 分裂前细胞核 >射八t 1 2 3 5 引i8出9朝沿非 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 X 分裂中的染色体
人的23对染色体 （女） 染色体多彩荧光染色 分裂前 细胞核 分裂中的染色体 What happened during evolution? The gene “package” chromosome 进化过程中发生了什么？ 从染色体--基因的包裹说起
人类基因组顶目全球合作典范 The human genome Project:Global Collaboration 染色体号 长度(mm) 碱基对 变量 确认蛋白数 可能蛋白数 1 85 249,250,621 4,401,091 2,012 3 23 243,199,373 4,607,702 1,203 50 67 198,022,430 3,894,345 1,040 4 65 191,154,276 3,673,892 718 39 5 62 180,915,260 3,436,667 849 24 6 58 171,115,067 3,360,890 1,002 3 7 54 159,138,663 3,045,992 866 34 50 146,364,022 2,890,692 659 48 141,213,431 2,581,827 785 15 46 135,534,747 2,609,802 745 18 890123456789012X7 46 135,006,516 2,607,254 1,258 48 45 133,851,895 2,482,194 1,003 47 39 115,169,878 1,814,242 318 8 3635 107,349,540 1,712,799 601 50 102,531,392 1,577,346 562 1 90,354,753 1,747,136 805 65 81,195,210 1,491,841 1,158 44 2 78,077,248 1,448,602 268 20 59,128,983 1,171,356 1,399 2 21 63,025,520 1,206,753 533 13 48,129,895 787,784 225 8 1 51,304,566 745,778 431 21 155,270,560 2,174,952 815 23 20 59,373,566 286,812 45 A8/6/14 80 染色体DNA总长1.052米，~2万5千个基因
2018/6/14 1 7 染色体号 长度(mm) 碱基对 变量 确认蛋白数 可能蛋白数 1 85 249,250,621 4,401,091 2,012 31 2 83 243,199,373 4,607,702 1,203 50 3 67 198,022,430 3,894,345 1,040 25 4 65 191,154,276 3,673,892 718 39 5 62 180,915,260 3,436,667 849 24 6 58 171,115,067 3,360,890 1,002 39 7 54 159,138,663 3,045,992 866 34 8 50 146,364,022 2,890,692 659 39 9 48 141,213,431 2,581,827 785 15 10 46 135,534,747 2,609,802 745 18 11 46 135,006,516 2,607,254 1,258 48 12 45 133,851,895 2,482,194 1,003 47 13 39 115,169,878 1,814,242 318 8 14 36 107,349,540 1,712,799 601 50 15 35 102,531,392 1,577,346 562 43 16 31 90,354,753 1,747,136 805 65 17 28 81,195,210 1,491,841 1,158 44 18 27 78,077,248 1,448,602 268 20 19 20 59,128,983 1,171,356 1,399 26 20 21 63,025,520 1,206,753 533 13 21 16 48,129,895 787,784 225 8 22 17 51,304,566 745,778 431 21 X 53 155,270,560 2,174,952 815 23 Y 20 59,373,566 286,812 45 8 mtDNA 0.0054染色体 16,569 929 13 0 DNA 总长 1.052米，～2万5千个基因， 人类基因组项目-全球合作典范 The human genome Project: Global Collaboration
人类基因组编码蛋白的基因只占2% LTR retro- DNA transposons transposons 3% 8% Simple sequence repeats SINEs 3% 13% Segmental duplications 5% Misc. LINEs heterochromatin 20% 8% Misc.unique sequences 12% Protein-coding genes Introns 2% 26% Components of the Human Genome
人类基因组编码蛋白的基因只占 2%
人的基因组对基因表达调控的基因（转录因子)凸显重要性 The importance of Transcription Factor and Brain specific genes 与黑猩猩的区别：脑部发育和脑部特异基因占大多数 32对染色体，单倍体总DNA=32亿对碱基，25千多个基因， 每个细胞2套基因，是双倍体2n), DNA总长2米 转录因子12%是最多的一类 DNA/RNA结合蛋白8.5% 信号蛋白5.6% isomerases;94;0,5% unclas sified;4061;23,6% extracellular matrix proteins;72;0,4% receptors;1076;6,3% proteases;476;2,8% storage proteins;15;0,1% 未分类 cytoskeletal proteins;441;2,6% structural proteins;280;1,6% transporters;1098:6,4% surfactants;15;0,1% trans membrane receptor regulatory cell junction proteins;67;0,4% /adaptor proteins;84;0,5% chaperones;130;0,8% transferases;1512;8,8% transcription factors;2067;12,0% oxidoreductases;550;3,2% phosphatases;230;1,3% yases;104;0,6% membrane traffic proteins;321;1,9% cell adhesion molecules;93;0,5% transfer/carrier proteins;248;1,4% hydrolases;454;2,6% ligases;260;1,5% defense/immunity proteins;107;0,6% nucleic acid binding;1466;8,5% calcium-binding proteins;63;0,4% signaling molecules;961;5,6% viral proteins;7;0,0% enzyme modulators;857:5,0%
未分类- 转录因子 12% 是最多的一类 32对染色体，单倍体总DNA =32亿对碱基，2万5千多个基因， 每个细胞2套基因，是双倍体（2n），DNA 总长2 米 人的基因组对基因表达调控的基因（转录因子）凸显重要性 The importance of Transcription Factor and Brain specific genes 与黑猩猩的区别：脑部发育和脑部特异基因占大多数 DNA/RNA结合蛋白 8.5% 信号蛋白 5.6%
讨论题：什么特征使得一些狼更容易驯化？ Discussion:What make some wolves more likely to be domesticated than others? 相关科学研究进展：野兔的驯化 Related research: Single-gene model Polygenic model Science AAAAS Domestication 29 August 2014: Perspective:Evolution On the origin of Peter Rabbit 家兔的起源 Kirk E.Lohmueller 多数基因变化存在于脑发育的相关基因调控区域 many genetic variants across the genome have been affected by natural selection throughout domestication.Further,these variants tend to be in regulatory regions located in genes related to brain development 10
2018/6/14 1 10 讨论题：什么特征使得一些狼更容易驯化？ Discussion: What make some wolves more likely to be domesticated than others? 相关科学研究进展：野兔的驯化 Related research: Science 29 August 2014: Perspective: Evolution On the origin of Peter Rabbit 家兔的起源 Kirk E. Lohmueller 多数基因变化存在于脑发育的相关基因调控区域 many genetic variants across the genome have been affected by natural selection throughout domestication. Further, these variants tend to be in regulatory regions located in genes related to brain development