Unit 3 American Beginnings 35 Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries The English permanent settlements in North America began in feudal adi. the 17th century when Western Europe was undergoing great changes. 封速的 serfdom n. During the Middle Ages (between 500 AD and 1500 AD),Europe was 农奴制 under the single spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church. prevail v. The feudal system of serfdom prevailed.The peasants,or the serfs, 盛行，存在 were tied to the soil and worked in the fields for their lords.Merchants serf n. 农奴 and craftsmen were handicapped by the social disorders.Art and leam- lord n. ing were controlled by the Church.By the 16th century,some new and 封建主 powerful social forces began to emerge which led to the awakening of merchant n. Europe and the discovery of America.The first new force was the de- 商人 craftsman n velopment of capitalism.The growth of capitalism produced two new 工匠，技工 classes-the bourgeois class and the working class.With the fast devel- handicap v. opment of commerce and trade,the bourgeoisle became increasingly pow- 阻刷，限制 erful in politics as well as in economy.They wanted to share power with disorder n. 动荡，吸乱 feudal lords and in some countries such as England they wanted to have awaken v. more power from the king so that they could have free development.The 觉醇 Enghish Revolution was the result of this growth of capitalism. bourgeois adi. The second major force that brought about the modern develop- 资产阶级的 commerce n. ment of Europe was the Renaissance,which was marked by a changing 商业，贸易 outlook on life.The God-centered world was challenged by the great bourgeoisie n. progress in natural and social science.People began to be more confi- 资产阶级 dent in themselves and show more interest in the world about them. outlook n. Many challenged the authority of the Bible12 and were willing to ob- 观点 challenge v. serve,experiment and test truths for themselves.This attitude pushed 挑战 the development of technology. observe v. The third influential force was the Religious Reformation,a reli- 观寐 theology n. gious reform movement that started from Germany.In 1517,Martin 神半 Luther,a German professor of theology,put up"95 Thesis"on the thesis n. church door in protest against abuses and corruption in the church.He 论纲，论题 argued that the Pope had no right to sell"indulgences"for the remis- indulgencen. 免罪 sion of sins.1 He believed that sinful men could win salvation neither remission n. by good works nor through the church or the Pope,but only by faith in 宽恕 Jesus Christ and through a direct relationship to God.is And the only sin n. true guide to the will of God was the Bible.Because Martin Luther pro- 罪苹 salvation n. tested against the Catholic Church,the Reformation came to be called 坛教 the Protestant Reformation.Soon after Martin Luther began his revolt, work n. John Calvin',a Frenchman,who had fled to Switzerland,started his 行为，德行 reform movement.Calvinism which had many followers in England Calvinism n. 加尔文主义 will be dealt with later.In England,King Henry VIII,because of the
38 Unit 3 American Beginnings name "puritans",These puritans were Protestants who followed the doctrine n. doctrine preached by John Calvin.They had some different religious 教后 predestine v. beliefs from the Catholic Church.They believed that God was incom- 命中注定 prehensible to man,and the power of God was all-knowing,yet hidden damn v. and unknown to man,while Catholics believed that God could be reached 罚人地狱 through his representative on the earth-the Pope".Puritan salvation evidence n 证据 was different from that of Catholics.Puritans were convinced that hu- calling n. man beings were predestined by God before they were born.29 Some 架业 were God's chosen people while others were predestined to be damned elect n to hell.Therefore no good works could save anyone,and nobody knew (上帝的)选民 noral ad球. if he or she was God's elect.2 But Catholics argued that a person could 道德的，道义 confess his or her sin,do good works and give money to the church and ethics n. buy back his or her soul.Was there any evidence for Puritans to show 伦理道德 thet some people were God's chosen people?Puritans believed that ev- contact n. 联系 eryone had a calling,which was given by God.The success of one's essential adj. work or the prosperity in his calling was the sigu of being God's elect.* 必耍的 Therefore,everyone must work hard,spend little and invest for more heretical adi business.Working hard and living a moral life were their ethics.31 How 异散的 persecute v. could Puritans find God's will and establish a direct contact with God? 迫售 They concluded that the Bihle was the authority of their doctrite.So execute v. every Puritan must read the Bible in order to find God's will and search 处决 for one's individual contact with God.3 To be able to read the Bihle and flee v. 选避 understand God's will,education was essential for Puritans. Holland n. Such Puritan beliefs were heretical to the Church of England,so 背兰 they were cruelly persecuted.Some of them were thrown into prison guild n. and even executed for their religious beliefs.Some of them fought back 行会 worship v. and started the English Revolution.Oliver Cromwell,one of the Puri- 桥祷，信仰 tans,became the revolutionary leader,overthrew the monarchy,had King Charles I beheaded and founded a republic.Some other Puritans thought that England was too corrupted and hopeless and decided to separate themselves from England.They fled to Holland where there was reli- gious freedom.3 There they were allowed to meet and hold their ser- vices without interference.But as foreigners,they were not allowed to join the Dutch guilds of craftsmen,=and so they had to work long and hard at unskilled and poorly paid jobs.They were further troubled as their children began to speak Dutch,marry into Dutch families,and lose their Englishness.35 Some of the Puritans decided to move again,this time across the Atlantic,where they might find an opportunity for a happier living and also worship as they pleased.The leaders of this group of Puritans found the necessary funds for the voyage from some merchants in London.In 1620,35 Puritans and 67 non-Puritans took the
Unit 3 American Beginnings 39 ship Mayflower and left Holland for North America.Before they reached destination n. their destination,one of the Pilgrim Fathers%5 drew up an agreement 目的地 environment n. which was called the Mayflower Compact and was signed by 41 of the 环境 passengers.They formed their own religious community and set up a mobility n. civil government for the general good of the colony they were going to 流动 found in the new land.*They settled at Plymouth,Massachusetts.A adhere v. 坚持 much larger Puritan colony was established in the Boston area in 1630 orthodox n. and by 1635 more Puritan settlers were migrating to nearby Connecticut. 正统 Puritanism in New England changed gradually due to the frontier legacy n. environment and the mobllity of the population.3 As time went on, 意产，传统 worthy adj. many of the new gencrations uo longer adhered to the orthodox Puri- 名测其实的 tanism.Many moved to the West and other parts of the United States. mission n. Today,Puritans are no longer in existence.But their legacies are still 使命 felt in American society and culture.For example,the Puritans hoped to strain nt. 倾向，作风 build "a city upon hill"-an ideal community.Since that time,Ameri- intolerant adj. cans have viewed their country as a great experiment,a worthy model 不容人的 for other nations.This sense of mission has been very strong in the moralism生 minds of many Americans.New England also established another 道德主义 drunk n. American tradition-a strain of often intolerant moralism.The Puri- 醉汉 tans helieved that governments should enforce God's morality.They adulterer n. strictly punished drunks,odulterers,violators of the Sabbath and other 通奸者 religious helievers different from themselves.42 Roger Williams4,one individualism n. 个人主义 of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with owe v. religion,was driven out of Massachusetts.In 1635,he set up Rhode 归功于 Island colony,which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation pattern n of church and state.The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to 方式 nobility n. future Americans.The American values such as Individualism,hard 责族 work,respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.# privy n. 顾问，王室 conversion n. Catholic Maryland 饭依 Following the two patterns of early American culture in Virginia and New England was the pattem in the colony of Maryland founded by the Catholics.The founder was the second Lord Baltimore.His father, George Calvert,was bor into an ordinary English family,not from the nobllity nor from a Catholic background.5 While at Oxford,he came to know some influential people,and upon his graduation,he became the secretary of state in the king's Privy Council.#During his service to the throne,he was converted to Roman Catholicism.This conversion cre- ated some problems for his service to the English king.In England,the king was both the head of state and the head of the Church of England
40 Unit 3 American Beginnings Anyone who served the king must take the oath of supremacy recog- oath n. nizing the monarch as the supreme head of state and church.As a Catho- 哲言 supremacy n. lic,Calvert could not take the oath because his religious supreme head 最高地位 was the Pope in Rome.So he was driven out of the court.But the En- wit山ness v. glish king Charles I personally excused him and made him a noble with 见证 the title of Baron Baltimore.As he had the experience of being sup- haven n. 避难所 pressed for his Catholic beliefs and witnessed the persecution of his grant v. fellow Catholics,he decided to find a haven in North America for his 许可，授予 persecuted fellow religious believers.He went to his old friend King captain-general n. Charles I and asked for his help.In 1623,he was granted a charter from 最高长官 comparable adj. the king and was allowed to set up a colony in today's Maryland.But 相当于 before he could do so,he died.His son,the second Lord Baltimore, arrowhead n. carried out his father's will in 1632.He became the owner of the colony, 箭头 captain-general of the armed forces,head of the church and disposer of manor n. 庄园 all offices and the goveror.In fact,he had the power comparable to acre n. that of the king in England.All he had to do was the promise of one-fifth 英亩 of all the gold and silver discovered in Maryland and two Indian arrow- privilege n. heads a year to the king. 特权 freeholder n. Lord Baltimore wished to introduce a feudal system similar to the 自由农 manor system in Europe to his colony.His plan was that each gentle- t诅v man who brought 5 servants with him settled in his land was allowed to 耕种 establish a manor of 2000 acres.This gentleman had the privileges re- indentured adj. 定有契约的 ceived in England,the privileges such as wearing distinctive medals to doom v. set the manor lord apart from the common herd.$o Lord Baltimore also 注定 declared that each freeholder was given 100 acres of land plus another incline v. 100 acres for his wife,100 acres for a servant,and 50 acres for each of 倾向，赞同 outnumber v. his children.But the freeholders could not enjoy the rights and privi- (数最)超过 leges as the gentlemen.Both lords and freeholders must pay some rent wilderess n. to Lord Baltimore.Gentlemen's lands were to be tilled by indentured 荒野 servants.si This feudal plan was bound to be doomed as were other feudal plans experimented with in North America due to various factors in the New World.In order to develop his colony,Baltimore had to attract as many settlers as possible to his land.So he encouraged the immigration of Prot- estants as well as Roman Catholics.Since relatively few of the Catholics were inclined to leave England,the Protestant settlers soon far outnum- bered the Catholics.In 1648,Lord Baltimore appointed a Protestant gov- emor,and the next year,the Maryland Toleration Act,which assured free- dom of worship to all who beheved in Jesus Christ,was passed.sz Because the Protestant majority were capitalistic-minded people and refused to carry out the feudal plan,and because the wilderness of North America
Unit 3 American Beginnings 41 provided plenty of land while labor was scarce,it was impossible for Lord scarce adj. Baltimore to have his feudal plan executedss.Not long after the founding of 不足，缺乏 Quaker n his colony,the feudal experimental plan was dropped,and the colony,like (基督教)贵格派教徒 other colonies in North America,followed a capitalist development road. tremble v. 颜抖 communicate v. Quaker Pennsylvania 交流，联系 divine adj. The fourth colonial pattern in North America was set by William ·神授的，天则的 Penn,an English Quaker who had been looking for a place for his fellow thrifty adj. believers to live according to their religious faith.The term"Quakers" 节俭的 self-denial adj. was coined by their enemies because the Quakers were so faithful to 自我克制的 God that when they spoke of God,they trembled.These Quakers,though praductive adj. they were Protestants,had very different religious beliefs not only from 多产的，有成果的 the Catholics,but also from Puritans and other Protestant sects.They craft n. 工艺，手艺 denied both the church and the Bible as the highest authority.They be- bow v. lieved that people could communicate directly with God because ev- 鞠躬 eryone had an inner light and God was in everyone's soul and in man's admiral n. heart.3 They believed in God through their faith without the help of 海军上将 confirmed adi. church and priests.They did not build any church and did not train any 坚定的 priest.Their religious place of worship was called a meeting place,which could be anywhere.ss Since everyone had a divine light in his heart,all were born equal,and all were brothers and sisters.s People were not born sinful.Quakers had their own way of life too.They lived a simple life,with thrifty and self-denial.They believed that God required ev- eryone to work hard and have a productive life.Even in jail,they busily set about working at crafts.57 They refused all forms of war and fol- lowed a passive resistance.Their religious beliefs taught them that ev- eryone was equal,so they refused to take off their caps to nobles wben they met them and even refused to bow to the king.ss They wore plain clothes and used plain language.They rejected all the polite forms which were used in high society.As they rejected the authority of church,they refused to pay taxes for the support of the church.As a result,they were persecuted,and many of them were put into prison.William Penn,the founder of Pennsylvania,was such a Quaker. William Penn's father was the admiral of England and a member of the Church of England.When Penn was at Gxford,he was converted and became a confirmed Quaker.For this,he was thrown into jail,and his father threatened to cut him off financially.All this could not pre- vent him from his religious determination.In 1681,after his father's death,he used the debt of 16000 pounds King Charles If owed to his father as an excuse and asked the king to grant him a right to plant a