Materials useoCathodeactivematerialsinCarbonforLIBanodesbytype(2011)2011:63000TonsMCMBArtificialLiFePO_8%LiMn,OLFPGraphiteAmorphousLMO30%8%2%11%LiCoO2LSiorSnNaturalLCOTypeNCAGraphite1%43%59%6%Li[NiCoAl]O2NMC32%Li[NiMnCo]O2
Materials used LiCoO2 LiMn2O4 LiFePO4 Li[NiMnCo]O2 Li[NiCoAl]O2
Storage of LiLitmustdiffusetowardscathodeArtificialLight element, AW = 6.94 g mol-1Li,P/Li,NE°=-3.04VMostelectropositiveelement,Solid-stateReactivetowards airand water(especiallyLiLi-ionwhendispersed)conductorTechnicalchallengestopure LianodeSpontaneousReactionswithelectrolyteLi,co,AproticelectrolyteLi,oInvestigated as part of Li-airbatteryLiLiOHXsolidelectrolyte interphase (SEl)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li-air-SEl.jpg
Storage of Li Light element, AW = 6.94 g mol-1 Most electroposiDve element, E°= -3.04 V ReacDve towards air and water (especially when dispersed) Technical challenges to pure Li anode ReacDons with electrolyte InvesDgated as part of Li-air ba:ery Li+ must diffuse towards cathode h:p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li-air-SEI.jpg solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)
Storage of LiIntercalationcompoundsTransitionmetal chalcogenidesTis,Li,Tis,CarbonMetal alloysSn, SiConversionreactionMetaloxide (CoO,Nio, CuOorFeO)
Storage of Li IntercalaDon compounds TransiDon metal chalcogenides TiS2 LixTiS2 Carbon Metal alloys Sn, Si Conversion reacDon Metal oxide (CoO, NiO, CuO or FeO)
Storageof Li-intercalation compoundsLiCeGraphiticcarbonCo + xLi = xLiC62.34(3) A7.40(5)A3.64(5) GoldenyellowStaging,expansiononly5.17(5)AReduction inspecificenergyLiCg,MW=78.94,372mAh/gReadilyavailableCheapDecomposesabove100°℃1.42(2)AONLYcommercialanode4.30(5) A2.86(2) A 2.47(3) A
Storage of Li – intercalaDon compounds C6 + xLi = xLiC6 Golden yellow Staging, expansion only ReducDon in specific energy LiC6, MW = 78.94, 372 mAh/g Readily available Cheap Decomposes above 100°C ONLY commercial anode
Diffusion of LiLimustdiffusebetweenlaversincharging and discharging~10llcm2slOftheorder2Dt1 hour, 2-600 μm~10-6cm2s-Typicalused,10-20umNanochannels,microporesOxidationtoremovereactivesitesK.Persson,V.A.Sethuraman, L.J.Hardwick, Y.Hinuma, Y.S.MengA. van der Ven, V.Srinivasan, R.Kostecki, G. Ceder. J. Phys.Chem.Lett.2010,1,1176-1180
Diffusion of Li Li must diffuse between layers in charging and discharging Of the order 1 hour, 2-600 µm Typical used, 10-20 µm Nanochannels, micropores OxidaDon to remove reacDve sites K. Persson, V.A. Sethuraman, L.J. Hardwick, Y. Hinuma, Y.S. Meng, A. van der Ven, V. Srinivasan, R. Kostecki, G. Ceder. J. Phys. Chem. LeD. 2010, 1, 1176-1180. 2D t