上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY What is“Computer Architecture” Computer Architecture Von Neumann CPUs Instruction Set Architecture Machine Organization (e.g.,Pipelining,Memory Hierarchy, Storage systems,etc) and also Unconventional Organization IBM 360(minicomputer,mainframe,supercomputer) Intel X86 vs.ARM vs.Neuromorphic vs.Nanoprocessors
What is “Computer Architecture” Computer Architecture = Von Neumann CPUs Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization (e.g., Pipelining, Memory Hierarchy, Storage systems, etc) and also Unconventional Organization IBM 360 (minicomputer, mainframe, supercomputer) Intel X86 vs. ARM vs. Neuromorphic vs. Nanoprocessors
上游充廷大￥ Abstraction Layers in Modern Systems SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Application Algorithm Programming Language Operating System/irtual Machine Instruction Set Architecture(ISA) Domain of 90s Microarchitecture computer Gates/Register-Transfer Level (RTL) architecture Circuits Devices Physics
Abstraction Layers in Modern Systems Algorithm Gates/Register-Transfer Level (RTL) Application Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Operating System/Virtual Machine Microarchitecture Devices Programming Language Circuits Physics Domain of ‘90s computer architecture
上游通大等 SHANGHAI JIA TONG UNIVERSITY Computer Architecture Topics-Processors Input/Output and Storage RAID Disks,Tape performance, reliability Interleaving DRAM Bus protocols Memory L2 Cache Bandwidth, Hierarchy Latency L1 Cache VLSI Addressing Instruction Set Architecture Pipelining,Hazard Resolution, Instruction Superscalar,Reordering, Level Parallelism Branch Prediction,VLIW,Vector
Computer Architecture Topics - Processors Instruction Set Architecture Pipelining, Hazard Resolution, Superscalar, Reordering, Branch Prediction, VLIW, Vector Addressing L1 Cache L2 Cache DRAM Disks, Tape Bandwidth, Latency Interleaving Bus protocols RAID performance, reliability VLSI Input/Output and Storage Memory Hierarchy Instruction Level Parallelism
上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Compatibility Problem at IBM ④ By early 1960's,IBM had 4 incompatible lines of computers Each system had its own: Instruction set 1/O system and Secondary Storage:magnetic tapes,drums and disks assemblers,compilers,libraries,... market niche business,scientific,real time,.. Milestone:The first true ISA designed as portable hardware- software interface!--IBM360,Integrate the 4 incompatible lines
Compatibility Problem at IBM By early 1960’s, IBM had 4 incompatible lines of computers ! Each system had its own: • Instruction set • I/O system and Secondary Storage:magnetic tapes, drums and disks • assemblers, compilers, libraries,... • market niche business, scientific, real time, ... Milestone: The first true ISA designed as portable hardwaresoftware interface! -- IBM360 , Integrate the 4 incompatible lines
上游充通大 IBM 360:A General-Purpose Register SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY (GPR)Machine ④Processor State 16 General Purpose 32 bit Registers -4 Floating Point 64-bit Registers A Program Status Word(PSW) ·PC,Condition codes,Control fl豳ags A 32 bit machine with 24-bit addresses -But no instruction contains a 24-bit address! ©Data Formats -8-bit bytes,16-bit half-words,32-bit words,64-bit double- words The IBM 360 is why bytes are 8-bits long today!
IBM 360: A General‐ Purpose Register (GPR) Machine Processor State ‒ 16 General Purpose 32 bit Registers ‒ 4 Floating Point 64-bit Registers ‒ A Program Status Word(PSW) • PC, Condition codes, Control flags A 32 bit machine with 24-bit addresses ‒ But no instruction contains a 24-bit address! Data Formats ‒ 8-bit bytes, 16-bit half-words, 32一bit words, 64-bit doublewords The IBM 360 is why bytes are 8‐ bits long today!