viliCONTENTSAppendixFFProperties of Structural Lumber983AppendixGDeflections and Slopes of Beams984Appendix HProperties of Materials990AnswerstoProblems995NameIndex1016Subject Index1017
Appendix F Properties of Structural Lumber 983 Appendix G Deflections and Slopes of Beams 984 Appendix H Properties of Materials 990 Answers to Problems 995 Name Index 1016 Subject Index 1017 viii CONTENTS
James Monroe Gere1925-2008James Monroe Gere,ProfessorEmeritus of Civil Engineering at Stanford University,died inPortolaValley,CA,on January30,2008.JimGerewasborn on June14,1925,inSyracuse.NY. He joined the U.S. Army Air Corps at age 17 in 1942, serving in England, France andGermany. After the war, he earned undergraduate and master's degrees in Civil Engineeringfrom theRensselaer Polytechnic Institutein1949 and1951,respectively.Heworked as aninstructor and later as a Research Associate for Rensselaer between 1949 and 1952.He wasawarded one of the first NSF Fellowships, and chose to study at Stanford.He received hisPh.D. in 1954 and was offered a faculty position in Civil Engineering,beginning a 34-yearcareer of engaging his students in challenging topics in mechanics, and structural and earth-quake engineering.He served as Department Chair and Associate Dean of Engineering and in1974co-foundedtheJohnA.BlumeEarthquakeEngineeringCenteratStanford.In1980.JimGere also became thefounding head of the Stanford CommitteeonEarthquakePreparednesswhichurgedcampusmemberstobraceand strengthenofficeequipment,furniture,andothercontents items that could pose a life safetyhazard in the eventof an earthquake.That same year, he was invited as one ofthefirstforeignerstostudytheearthquake-devastatedcityofTangshan,China.JimretiredfromStanfordin1988butcon-tinuedtobeamostvaluablememberoftheStanford communityashegavefreelyof histimetoadvisestudents andtoguide them on various field trips to the California earthquake country.Jim Gere wasknown for his outgoing manner,his cheerful personality and wonderfulsmile, his athleticism, and his skill as an educator in Civil Engineering. He authored nine text-books on various engineering subjects starting in1972 with Mechanics of Materials,atext thatwas inspired by his teacher and mentor Stephan P.Timoshenko.His other well-known text-books,usedinengineeringcoursesaround the world,include:Theory of ElasticStabilityco-authoredwith S.Timoshenko;MatrixAnalysis ofFramed Structures and MatrixAlgebraforEngineers,bothco-authored withW.WeaverMomentDistribution;EarthquakeTables:Structural and ConstructionDesignManual,co-authored withH.Krawinkler,and TerraNonFirma:UnderstandingandPreparingforEarthquakes,co-authored withH.Shah.Respected and admired by students.faculty.and staff at StanfordUniversity,ProfessorGere always felt that the opportunity to work with and be of servicetoyoungpeople bothinside and outside the classroom was one of his great joys. He hiked frequently and regu-larly visited Yosemite and the Grand Canyon national parks.Hemade over 20 ascents ofHalf Dome in Yosemite as well as“"John Muir hikes"of up to 50 miles in a day.In1986 hehiked tothebasecamp of MountEverest, savingthelifeofa companion on thetrip.JamesJimGere in the TimoshenkowasanactiverunnerandcompletedtheBostonMarathonatage48,inatimeof3:13.Library at Stanford holding aJames Gere will be long remembered by all who knew him as a considerate and lovingcopyof the2nd editionof thismanwhoseupbeatgoodhumormadeaspectsofdailylifeorworkeasiertobear.Hislastprojtext(photocourtesyofRichardect(inprogressandnowbeingcontinuedbyhisdaughterSusanofPaloAlto)was abookWeingardt Consultants, Inc.)based on the written memoirs of his great-grandfather, a Colonel (122d NY) in the Civil War.ix
James Monroe Gere 1925–2008 James Monroe Gere, Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Stanford University, died in Portola Valley, CA, on January 30, 2008. Jim Gere was born on June 14, 1925, in Syracuse, NY. He joined the U.S. Army Air Corps at age 17 in 1942, serving in England, France and Germany. After the war, he earned undergraduate and master’s degrees in Civil Engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1949 and 1951, respectively. He worked as an instructor and later as a Research Associate for Rensselaer between 1949 and 1952. He was awarded one of the first NSF Fellowships, and chose to study at Stanford. He received his Ph.D. in 1954 and was offered a faculty position in Civil Engineering, beginning a 34-year career of engaging his students in challenging topics in mechanics, and structural and earthquake engineering. He served as Department Chair and Associate Dean of Engineering and in 1974 co-founded the John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center at Stanford. In 1980, Jim Gere also became the founding head of the Stanford Committee on Earthquake Preparedness, which urged campus members to brace and strengthen office equipment, furniture, and other contents items that could pose a life safety hazard in the event of an earthquake. That same year, he was invited as one of the first foreigners to study the earthquake-devastated city of Tangshan, China. Jim retired from Stanford in 1988 but continued to be a most valuable member of the Stanford community as he gave freely of his time to advise students and to guide them on various field trips to the California earthquake country. Jim Gere was known for his outgoing manner, his cheerful personality and wonderful smile, his athleticism, and his skill as an educator in Civil Engineering. He authored nine textbooks on various engineering subjects starting in 1972 with Mechanics of Materials, a text that was inspired by his teacher and mentor Stephan P. Timoshenko. His other well-known textbooks, used in engineering courses around the world, include: Theory of Elastic Stability, co-authored with S. Timoshenko; Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures and Matrix Algebra for Engineers, both co-authored with W. Weaver; Moment Distribution; Earthquake Tables: Structural and Construction Design Manual, co-authored with H. Krawinkler; and Terra Non Firma: Understanding and Preparing for Earthquakes, co-authored with H. Shah. Respected and admired by students, faculty, and staff at Stanford University, Professor Gere always felt that the opportunity to work with and be of service to young people both inside and outside the classroom was one of his great joys. He hiked frequently and regularly visited Yosemite and the Grand Canyon national parks. He made over 20 ascents of Half Dome in Yosemite as well as “John Muir hikes” of up to 50 miles in a day. In 1986 he hiked to the base camp of Mount Everest, saving the life of a companion on the trip. James was an active runner and completed the Boston Marathon at age 48, in a time of 3:13. James Gere will be long remembered by all who knew him as a considerate and loving man whose upbeat good humor made aspects of daily life or work easier to bear. His last project (in progress and now being continued by his daughter Susan of Palo Alto) was a book based on the written memoirs of his great-grandfather, a Colonel (122d NY) in the Civil War. ix Jim Gere in the Timoshenko Library at Stanford holding a copy of the 2nd edition of this text (photo courtesy of Richard Weingardt Consultants, Inc.)
Photo CreditsChapter 1.2:Photo by Bryan Tokarczyk,PE/KPFF Tower Engineers 15:Courtesyof MTS Systems Corporation 16:Courtesy of MTS Systems Corporation 18:CourtesyofMTSSystemsCorporation32:BarryGoodno60:BarryGoodno66:VinceStreano/GettyImages67:BarryGoodno67:BarryGoodno67:BarryGoodno68:Barry Goodno72:Barry Goodno76:Courtesyof Ameri-can Superconductor 83: Barry Goodno 86: Courtesy Tilt-Up Concrete Association.Chapter 2.88:Joe Raedle/Getty Images 93:Barsik/Dreamstime.com118:Barros &Barros/Getty Images 163:Courtesy of MTS systems corporation 188:Barry GoodnoChapter 3. 220: Harald Sund/Getty Images 232: Louie Psihoyos/Getty Images 233:Peter Ginter/Getty Images 290:Barry Goodno 290:Bontrager RaceXXX LiteFlat Handlebar, used Courtesy of BontragerChapter 4.304:Jupiter Images,2007307:Joe Gough/Shutterstock 309: CourtesyoftheNationalInformationServiceforEarthquakeEngineeringEERC,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.339:ThomaszGulla/ShuttterstockChapter 5. 350: Lester Lefkowitz/Getty Images 374: Courtesy of AISC 413: LesterLefkowitz/Getty Images 427: Gabriel M. Covian/Getty ImagesChapter 6. 454: Chris Harvey/Shutterstock 479: Franz Pfluegl/Shutterstock 527:BarryGoodno527:BarryGoodnoChapter 7. 536: Alfred Pasieka/Peter Amold, Inc. 548: Courtesy Eann Patterson 548:Frans Lemmens/Getty Images 594:Courtesy Omega Engineering Inc.Chapter 8. 618: Courtesy of Christian Michel, www.modermairships.info 621:Harald Hoilan Tjostheim/Getty Images 627: Wayne Eastep/Getty ImagesChapter 9.676:Courtesy of the National Information Service for Earthquake Engi-neering EERC,University of Califomia,Berkeley.698:Courtesy of the NationalInformation Service for Earthquake Engineering EERC, University of California,Berkeley. 700: Tom Brakefield/Getty Images 709: Courtesy of the National Informa-tion Service for Earthquake Engineering EERC, University of California, Berkeley720: Malcolm Fife/Getty ImagesChapter 10. 770: david sanger photography/Alamy 776: Lopatinsky Vladislav/Shutterstock 812: Courtesy of the National Information Service for Earthquake Engi-neering EERC,University ofCalifornia, BerkeleyChapter 11. 816: LUSHPIX/UNLISTED IMAGES, INC. 833: Lester Lefkowitz/GettyImages834:DigitalVision/GettyImages887:BarryGoodnoChapter 12.900:Bob Scott/Getty Images 903: Photo courtesy of Louis Geschwinder.906: Don Farrall/Getty Images Preface. Richard Weingardt Consultants Inc.X
x Photo Credits Chapter 1. 2: Photo by Bryan Tokarczyk, PE/KPFF Tower Engineers 15: Courtesy of MTS Systems Corporation 16: Courtesy of MTS Systems Corporation 18: Courtesy of MTS Systems Corporation 32: © Barry Goodno 60: © Barry Goodno 66: Vince Streano/Getty Images 67: © Barry Goodno 67: © Barry Goodno 67: © Barry Goodno 68: © Barry Goodno 72: © Barry Goodno 76: Courtesy of American Superconductor 83: © Barry Goodno 86: Courtesy Tilt-Up Concrete Association. Chapter 2. 88: Joe Raedle/Getty Images 93: © Barsik/Dreamstime.com 118: Barros & Barros/Getty Images 163: Courtesy of MTS systems corporation 188: © Barry Goodno Chapter 3. 220: Harald Sund/Getty Images 232: Louie Psihoyos/Getty Images 233: Peter Ginter/Getty Images 290: © Barry Goodno 290: Bontrager Race XXX Lite Flat Handlebar, used Courtesy of Bontrager Chapter 4. 304: © Jupiter Images, 2007 307: Joe Gough/Shuttterstock 309: Courtesy of the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering EERC, University of California, Berkeley. 339: Thomasz Gulla/Shuttterstock Chapter 5. 350: Lester Lefkowitz/Getty Images 374: Courtesy of AISC 413: Lester Lefkowitz/Getty Images 427: Gabriel M. Covian/Getty Images Chapter 6. 454: Chris Harvey/Shutterstock 479: Franz Pfluegl/Shutterstock 527: © Barry Goodno 527: © Barry Goodno Chapter 7. 536: Alfred Pasieka/Peter Arnold, Inc. 548: Courtesy Eann Patterson 548: Frans Lemmens/Getty Images 594: Courtesy Omega Engineering Inc. Chapter 8. 618: Courtesy of Christian Michel, www.modernairships.info 621: Harald Høilan Tjøstheim/Getty Images 627: Wayne Eastep/Getty Images Chapter 9. 676: Courtesy of the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering EERC, University of California, Berkeley. 698: Courtesy of the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering EERC, University of California, Berkeley. 700: Tom Brakefield/Getty Images 709: Courtesy of the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering EERC, University of California, Berkeley. 720: Malcolm Fife/Getty Images Chapter 10. 770: © david sanger photography/Alamy 776: Lopatinsky Vladislav/ Shutterstock 812: Courtesy of the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering EERC, University of California, Berkeley. Chapter 11. 816: LUSHPIX/UNLISTED IMAGES, INC. 833: Lester Lefkowitz/Getty Images 834: Digital Vision/Getty Images 887: © Barry Goodno Chapter 12. 900: Bob Scott/Getty Images 903: Photo courtesy of Louis Geschwinder. 906: Don Farrall/Getty Images Preface. Richard Weingardt Consultants Inc
PrefaceMechanics of Materials is a basic engineering subject that must be under-stoodby anyoneconcerned withthestrengthandphysical performanceofstructures,whether those structures are man-made or natural.The subjectmatterincludes suchfundamental conceptsas stresses and strains,defor-mations and displacements, elasticity and inelasticity,strain energy,andload-carrying capacity. These concepts underlie the design and analysis ofa huge variety of mechanical and structural systems.At the college level, mechanics of materials is usually taught duringthe sophomore and junior years.The subject is required for most stu-dentsmajoring inmechanical,structural,civil,biomedical,aeronauticaland aerospace engineering.Furthermore,many students from suchdiverse fields as materials science, industrial engineering, architecture,and agricultural engineering alsofind itusefulto studythis subject.AboutthisBookThe main topics covered in this book are the analysis and design ofstructural members subjected to tension, compression,torsion,andbending, including the fundamental concepts mentioned in the first para-graph. Other topics of general interest are the transformations of stressand strain, combined loadings, stress concentrations, deflections ofbeams,andstabilityofcolumns.Specialized topics include the following: Thermal effects, dynamicloading.nonprismatic members, beams of two materials,shear centers,pressurevessels,and staticallyindeterminatebeams.Forcompletenessand occasional reference,elementarytopics such asshearforces,bendingmoments,centroids,andmoments ofinertia also arepresented.As an aidtothestudentreader,eachchapterbegins witha Chapter Overview andcloses with a Chapter Summary &Review in which thekey points pre-sented in the chapter are listed for quick review (in preparation forexaminations onthematerial).Each chapter also opens with aphoto-graphof a component or structure whichillustrates thekey concepts tobe discussed in that chapter.Much more material than can betaught in a single course isincluded in this book, and therefore instructors have the opportunitytoselect the topics they wish to cover.As a guide, some of the morespecialized topics are identified in thetable of contents by stars.xi
xi Preface Mechanics of Materials is a basic engineering subject that must be understood by anyone concerned with the strength and physical performance of structures, whether those structures are man-made or natural. The subject matter includes such fundamental concepts as stresses and strains, deformations and displacements, elasticity and inelasticity, strain energy, and load-carrying capacity. These concepts underlie the design and analysis of a huge variety of mechanical and structural systems. At the college level, mechanics of materials is usually taught during the sophomore and junior years. The subject is required for most students majoring in mechanical, structural, civil, biomedical, aeronautical, and aerospace engineering. Furthermore, many students from such diverse fields as materials science, industrial engineering, architecture, and agricultural engineering also find it useful to study this subject. About this Book The main topics covered in this book are the analysis and design of structural members subjected to tension, compression, torsion, and bending, including the fundamental concepts mentioned in the first paragraph. Other topics of general interest are the transformations of stress and strain, combined loadings, stress concentrations, deflections of beams, and stability of columns. Specialized topics include the following: Thermal effects, dynamic loading, nonprismatic members, beams of two materials, shear centers, pressure vessels, and statically indeterminate beams. For completeness and occasional reference, elementary topics such as shear forces, bending moments, centroids, and moments of inertia also are presented. As an aid to the student reader, each chapter begins with a Chapter Overview and closes with a Chapter Summary & Review in which the key points presented in the chapter are listed for quick review (in preparation for examinations on the material). Each chapter also opens with a photograph of a component or structure which illustrates the key concepts to be discussed in that chapter. Much more material than can be taught in a single course is included in this book, and therefore instructors have the opportunity to select the topics they wish to cover. As a guide, some of the more specialized topics are identified in the table of contents by stars
xiiPREFACEConsiderable effort has been spent in checking and proofreading thetext so as to eliminate errors, but if you happen to find one, no matterhow trivial, please notify me by e-mail (bgoodno@ce.gatech.edu). Thenwe can correct any errors in thenext printing of thebook.ExamplesExamples arepresented throughoutthe bookto illustratethetheoreticalconceptsandshowhowthoseconceptsmaybeusedinpracticalsituationsIn some cases, photographs have been added showing actual engineeringstructures or components to reinforce the tie between theory and applica-tion.The examples vary in length from one tofour pages, depending uponthe complexity of the material to be illustrated. When the emphasis is onconcepts,the examples are worked outin symbolicterms soas to betterillustratetheideas,andwhentheemphasisis onproblem-solving,theexamplesarenumerical in character.In selected examplesthroughout thetext,graphical displayofresults (e.g.,stresses in beams)hasbeen added toenhancethestudent's understandingof theproblemresults.ProblemsIn allmechanicscourses,solvingproblems is an importantpart ofthelearning process.This textbook offers more than 1,o00 problems forhomeworkassignmentsandclassroomdiscussions.Approximately40%of the problemsare newor significantly revised inthe seventh edition.Theproblems areplaced at the end of each chapter so that they are easyto find and don't break up the presentation of the main subject matter.Also, an unusually difficult or lengthy problem is indicated by attachingoneormore stars(dependinguponthedegreeofdifficulty)totheprob-lem number,thus alerting students to the time necessary for solution.In general, problems are arranged in order of increasing difficulty.Answerstoall problems arelisted near thebackofthebook.UnitsBoth the International System of Units (SI) and the U.S.CustomarySystem (USCS)areused in the examples and problems.Discussions ofboth systems and a table of conversion factors are given in Appendix A.For problems involving numerical solutions, odd-numbered problems arein USCS units and even-numbered problems are in SI units.This conven-tion makes it easyto know inadvance which system of units is beingused inanyparticularproblem.Inaddition,tables containingpropertiesof structural-steel shapes inboth USCS and SI units havebeen added toAppendixE sothat solutionof beam analysis anddesign examples andend-of-chapter problems can becarried out ineither USCS or SI unitsReferences and Historical NotesReferences and historical notes appear immediately after the last chapterin the book.They consist of original sources for the subject matter plusbrief biographical information about the pioneering scientists, engineers
xii PREFACE Considerable effort has been spent in checking and proofreading the text so as to eliminate errors, but if you happen to find one, no matter how trivial, please notify me by e-mail (bgoodno@ce.gatech.edu). Then we can correct any errors in the next printing of the book. Examples Examples are presented throughout the book to illustrate the theoretical concepts and show how those concepts may be used in practical situations. In some cases, photographs have been added showing actual engineering structures or components to reinforce the tie between theory and application. The examples vary in length from one to four pages, depending upon the complexity of the material to be illustrated. When the emphasis is on concepts, the examples are worked out in symbolic terms so as to better illustrate the ideas, and when the emphasis is on problem-solving, the examples are numerical in character. In selected examples throughout the text, graphical display of results (e.g., stresses in beams) has been added to enhance the student’s understanding of the problem results. Problems In all mechanics courses, solving problems is an important part of the learning process. This textbook offers more than 1,000 problems for homework assignments and classroom discussions. Approximately 40% of the problems are new or significantly revised in the seventh edition. The problems are placed at the end of each chapter so that they are easy to find and don’t break up the presentation of the main subject matter. Also, an unusually difficult or lengthy problem is indicated by attaching one or more stars (depending upon the degree of difficulty) to the problem number, thus alerting students to the time necessary for solution. In general, problems are arranged in order of increasing difficulty. Answers to all problems are listed near the back of the book. Units Both the International System of Units (SI) and the U.S. Customary System (USCS) are used in the examples and problems. Discussions of both systems and a table of conversion factors are given in Appendix A. For problems involving numerical solutions, odd-numbered problems are in USCS units and even-numbered problems are in SI units. This convention makes it easy to know in advance which system of units is being used in any particular problem. In addition, tables containing properties of structural-steel shapes in both USCS and SI units have been added to Appendix E so that solution of beam analysis and design examples and end-of-chapter problems can be carried out in either USCS or SI units. References and Historical Notes References and historical notes appear immediately after the last chapter in the book. They consist of original sources for the subject matter plus brief biographical information about the pioneering scientists, engineers