The Teaching Outline of Physiology (for International Students of Bachelor Medicine) Preface Physiology is a branch of the biology. It is a science that studies the vital regularity in living organisms. It has long been regarded as one of the most basic and important courses in medicine. The teaching purpose of physiology is to make the students to master the basic knowledge of human physiology and establish a good basis for learning other courses. According to the necessity of medicine, the teaching contents must be the basic concept and knowledge, as well as fundamental skills. The teachers should pay special attention to training the students on scientific manner and the ability of scientific thinking. This outline is based on the new text book Medical Physiology (edited by guyton and Hall) and the sixth edition of Physiology(People's Health Press. Edited by Tai Yao). According to the teaching plan for international student of bachelor medicine the total teaching hours of physiology is 190, among which 130 for lectures and 60 for experiments Chapter contents lecture hours 1 Introduction 4 2 Basic function of cell 20 3 Blood 4 4 Blood circulation 24 5 Respira 6 Digestion and absorption 10 7 Energy metabolism and body temperature 2 8 Excretory function of the kidney 12
The Teaching Outline of Physiology (for International Students of Bachelor Medicine) Preface Physiology is a branch of the biology. It is a science that studies the vital regularity in living organisms. It has long been regarded as one of the most basic and important courses in medicine. The teaching purpose of physiology is to make the students to master the basic knowledge of human physiology and establish a good basis for learning other courses. According to the necessity of medicine, the teaching contents must be the basic concept and knowledge, as well as fundamental skills. The teachers should pay special attention to training the students on scientific manner and the ability of scientific thinking. This outline is based on the new text book Medical Physiology (edited by Guyton and Hall) and the sixth edition of Physiology (People's Health Press. Edited by Tai Yao). According to the teaching plan for international student of bachelor medicine, the total teaching hours of physiology is 190, among which 130 for lectures and 60 for experiments. Chapter contents lecture hours 1 Introduction 4 2 Basic function of cell 20 3 Blood 4 4 Blood circulation 24 5 Respiration 12 6 Digestion and absorption 10 7 Energy metabolism and body temperature 2 8 Excretory function of the kidney 12
9 Sensory organs 8 10 Nervous system 24 11 Endocrine system 8 12 Reproduction 2 Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose and Requirement 1. To master the concepts of physiology 2. To understand the fundamental characteristics of life phenomena 3. To study the regulation of body function 4. To master feedback control system Teaching Contents: 1. Physiology is a science that studies the vital regularity in living organisms 2. Basic characteristics of life phenomena: metabolism, excitability and reproduction 3. The concept of internal environment and homeostasis 4. Regulation of body function and homeostasis: nervous regulation, hormonal regulation and autoregulation 5. The concept of feedback regulation: negative feedback and positive feedback 6. Two ways and 3 levels for study of physiology Chapter 2 Fundamental Functions of the Cell Purpose and Requirement 1. To understand the basic structure of cell membrane 2. To master the transport through cell membrane bioelectrical activities and neuromuscular transmission 3. To master the excitation-contraction coupling, and to understand the mechanism and mechanics of the skeletal muscle contraction Teaching Contents Part 1. Transport through cell membrane 1. Structure of the cell membrane: the fluid mosaic model 2. The transporting function of cell membrane: simple diffusion, channel mediated
9 Sensory organs 8 10 Nervous system 24 11 Endocrine system 8 12 Reproduction 2 Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose and Requirement: 1.To master the concepts of physiology. 2. To understand the fundamental characteristics of life phenomena 3. To study the regulation of body function. 4. To master feedback control system Teaching Contents: 1. Physiology is a science that studies the vital regularity in living organisms. 2. Basic characteristics of life phenomena: metabolism, excitability and reproduction. 3. The concept of internal environment and homeostasis. 4. Regulation of body function and homeostasis: nervous regulation, hormonal regulation and autoregulation. 5. The concept of feedback regulation: negative feedback and positive feedback. 6. Two ways and 3 levels for study of physiology. Chapter 2 Fundamental Functions of the Cell Purpose and Requirement 1. To understand the basic structure of cell membrane. 2.To master the transport through cell membrane, bioelectrical activities and neuromuscular transmission. 3. To master the excitation -contraction coupling, and to understand the mechanism and mechanics of the skeletal muscle contraction. Teaching Contents Part 1. Transport through cell membrane 1. Structure of the cell membrane: the fluid mosaic model. 2.The transporting function of cell membrane: simple diffusion, channel mediated
facilitated diffusion and carrier mediated facilitated diffusion, primary active transport secondary active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis 3.Signal transmission across the membrane: receptor-channel, receptor-G protein-second messenger. Part 2. Membrane potentials of the cell 1. Bio-electrical phenomenon of the cell membrane potential 2. Resting potential: definition, property, and the ionic basis 3. Action potential: definition, stages, properties, initiation or genesis, threshold threshold potential, excitability 4. Local potential: definition, properties, role of the local potential 5. Signal transmission along nerve fiber: "Local current flow"theor Part 3. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 1. Molecular Characteristics of Contractile filaments 2. Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: Sliding theory, steps of each cross bridge cycle 3. Mechanics of skeletal muscle contraction: the effects of preload, afterload and contractility on muscle contraction 4. Transmission of action potential across the neuromuscular junction: steps properties, an 5. Excitation contraction coupling Chapter 3 Blood Purpose and Requirement 1. To master the distribution pattern of body fluid and the role of blood in internal environment 2. To master the mechanisms of physiological hemostasis 3. To understand physical and chemical properties of blood 4. To understand blood groups and principles of blood transfusion Teaching contents Part 1 General statement
facilitated diffusion and carrier mediated facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis 3.Signal transmission across the membrane: receptor -channel, receptor -G protein - second messenger. Part 2. Membrane potentials of the cell 1. Bio-electrical phenomenon of the cell : membrane potential. 2. Resting potential: definition, property, and the ionic basis. 3. Action potential: definition, stages, properties, initiation or genesis, threshold, threshold potential, excitability 4.Local potential: definition, properties, role of the local potential 5. Signal transmission along nerve fiber: “Local current flow” theory Part 3. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 1. Molecular Characteristics of Contractile Filaments 2. Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: “Sliding theory”, steps of each cross bridge cycle. 3.Mechanics of skeletal muscle contraction: the effects of preload, afterload and contractility on muscle contraction. 4.Transmission of action potential across the neuromuscular junction: `steps, properties, and 5. Excitation contraction coupling Chapter 3 Blood Purpose and Requirement 1. To master the distribution pattern of body fluid and the role of blood in internal environment. 2. To master the mechanisms of physiological hemostasis 3. To understand physical and chemical properties of blood 4. To understand blood groups and principles of blood transfusion Teaching contents Part 1 General statement
1. Distribution of body fluid 2. Function of blood Part 2 Plasma The concept of plasma and its physical and chemical properties Part 3 Blood cell Hematocrit value, suspension stability, erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) Part 4 Physiological hemostasis 1. The concept and basic process of physiological hemostasis 2. Blood coagulation: coagulation factors 3. Process of coagulation: activation of factor X, activation of factor II, activation of factor i 4. Intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway 5. Anti-coagulation and fibrinolysis 6. Function of platelet in physiological hemostasis Chapter 4 The Blood Circulation Purpose and requirement 1. To understand the function of heart and concepts of basic mechanics of cardiac muscle 2. To understand the functional characteristics of various vessels, mechanics of blood flow venous return, local circulation 3. To master the function of heart as a blood peripheral pump regulation of cardiac output factors affecting cardiac output, electrical phenomena of cardiac muscle cell physiological of cardiac muscle 4. To master principle of formation of blood pressure, factors affecting blood pressure, microcirculation and formation of interstitial fluid 5. To master the neuronal innervation of heart and blood vessels; baroreceptor reflex: the effect of epinephrine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, angiotensin on cardiovascular system Teaching contents
1. Distribution of body fluid. 2. Function of blood. Part 2 Plasma The concept of plasma and its physical and chemical properties. Part 3 Blood cell Hematocrit value, suspension stability, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Part 4 Physiological hemostasis 1. The concept and basic process of physiological hemostasis. 2. Blood coagulation: coagulation factors 3. Process of coagulation: activation of factor X, activation of factor II, activation of factor I 4. Intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway. 5. Anti-coagulation and fibrinolysis. 6. Function of platelet in physiological hemostasis. Chapter 4 The Blood Circulation Purpose and requirement 1. To understand the function of heart and concepts of basic mechanics of cardiac muscle. 2. To understand the functional characteristics of various vessels, mechanics of blood flow, venous return, local circulation. 3. To master the function of heart as a blood peripheral pump, regulation of cardiac output, factors affecting cardiac output, electrical phenomena of cardiac muscle cell, physiological of cardiac muscle. 4. To master principle of formation of blood pressure, factors affecting blood pressure, microcirculation, and formation of interstitial fluid. 5. To master the neuronal innervation of heart and blood vessels; baroreceptor reflex; the effect of epinephrine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, angiotensin on cardiovascular system. Teaching contents
Part 1 Function of the heart 1. The cardiac cycle: atrium systole, ventricular systole, ventriular diastole 2. Cardiac output, ejection fraction, cardiac work, cardiac index 3. Regulation of cardiac output: heterometric regulation homometric regulation, effect of afterload, heart rate on output Part 2 Cardiac electrical phenomena and physiological property of cardiac muscle 1. Cardiac electrical phenomena of working cell: resting potential, action potential 2. Membrane potential of autorhythmic cell 3. Electrophysiological properties of cardiac muscle: excitability. refractory period and its relation with mechanical contraction; automaticity, conductivity and spreading excitation in heart Part 3 Physiology of blood vessels 1. Function of different vessels 2, Blood flow in blood vessels: blood flow resistance, blood flow resistance, blood pressure 3. Arterial blood pressure: concept of blood pressure, formation of arterial blood pressure, normal value of arterial blood pressure 4. Factors affecting the arterial blood pressure: stroke volume. heart rate peripheral resistance, ration between the circulatory blood flow and the total vessel volume windkessel effect of large arterial vessels 5. Factors affecting venous return, concept of central venous pressure and its clinical significance 6. Microcirculation: concept of microcirculation formation of interstitial fluid effective filtration pressure Part 4 Regulation of cardiovascular activity 1. Nervous regulation: innervation of heart and vessles cardiovascular center 2. Cardiovascular reflex: baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex 3. Hormoral regulation: renin -angiotensin system, epinephrine and norepinephrine endothelium-derived relaxing factor(EDRF) and endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor
Part 1 Function of the heart 1. The cardiac cycle: atrium systole, ventricular systole, ventriular diastole 2. Cardiac output, ejection fraction, cardiac work, cardiac index. 3. Regulation of cardiac output: heterometric regulation. homometric regulation, effect of afterload, heart rate on output Part 2 Cardiac electrical phenomena and physiological property of cardiac muscle 1. Cardiac electrical phenomena of working cell: resting potential, action potential 2. Membrane potential of autorhythmic cell 3. Electrophysiological properties of cardiac muscle: excitability. refractory period and its relation with mechanical contraction; automaticity, conductivity and spreading of excitation in heart Part 3 Physiology of blood vessels 1. Function of different vessels 2. Blood flow in blood vessels: blood flow resistance, blood flow resistance, blood pressure 3. Arterial blood pressure: concept of blood pressure, formation of arterial blood pressure, normal value of arterial blood pressure. 4. Factors affecting the arterial blood pressure: stroke volume. heart rate. peripheral resistance, ration between the circulatory blood flow and the total vessel volume, windkessel effect of large arterial vessels. 5. Factors affecting venous return, concept of central venous pressure and its clinical significance 6. Microcirculation: concept of microcirculation, formation of interstitial fluid – effective filtration pressure Part 4 Regulation of cardiovascular activity 1. Nervous regulation: innervation of heart and vessles, cardiovascular center 2. Cardiovascular reflex: baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex 3. Hormoral regulation: renin -angiotensin system, epinephrine and norepinephrine, endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor