3.1.1半导体的能带1.孤立原子的能级原子是由原子核和围绕原子核旋转的电子构成。围绕原子核旋转的电子能量不能任意取值,只能取特定的离散值,这种现象称为电子能量的量子化。E高能级原子核低能级电子
原子核 电子 1. 孤立原子的能级 原子是由原子核和围绕原子核旋转的电子构成。围 绕原子核旋转的电子能量不能任意取值,只能取特定 的离散值,这种现象称为电子能量的量子化。 3.1.1半导体的能带 高能级 低能级 E
固体中能带的形成固体中的原子紧密排列,内部电子的共有化运动,使离散能级变成能带
2、固体中能带的形成 固体中的原子紧密排列,内部电子的共有化 运动,使离散能级变成能带
3.半导体的能带半导体:导电特性介于金属和绝缘体之间,第IV元素(如Si),原子核外有四个电子,相邻原子通过电子构成共价键,价带:充满电子的能带Covalent bondSiioncore(+4e)导带:未占有电子的能带Electronenergy,禁带(带隙):价带和导带之E+%间不具有能级的区域,ConductionBand(CB)Empty ofelectrons at 0KE.低温下,纯晶体的导带没有电子Band gap=Eg温度升高时部分电子受热激励越过带隙,使得导带的自由电子ValenceBand (VB)Full ofelectrons at OK浓度为Ⅱ,同时价带的空穴有相同的浓度p,两者都是载流子,(b)(a)能起到导电作用。(a)AsimplifiedtwodimensionalviewofaregionoftheSicrystalshowingcovalentbonds.(b)Theenergybanddiagramof electrons intheSi crystal atabsolute zero oftemperature.n=p=Kexp2k,T?1999 S.0.Kasap,Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall)K = 2(2kgT / h2j/2(mm,)/4
3. 半导体的能带 半导体: 导电特性介于金属和绝缘体之间,第IV元素(如Si),原子核外有 四个电子,相邻原子通过电子构成共价键。 Electron energy, E ConductionBand(CB) Empty of electrons at 0 K. ValenceBand (VB) Full of electrons at 0 K. Ec Ev 0 Ec + (b) Band gap = Eg (a) Covalent bond Si ion core (+4e) (a) A simplified two dimensional view of a region of the Si crystal showing covalent bonds. (b) The energy band diagram of electrons in the Si crystal at absolute zero of temperature. ?1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall) 价带:充满电子的能带 导带:未占有电子的能带 禁带(带隙):价带和导带之 间不具有能级的区域, 低温下,纯晶体的导带没有电子; 温度升高时,部分电子受热激励 越过带隙,使得导带的自由电子 浓度为n, 同时价带的空穴有相 同的浓度p,两者都是载流子, 能起到导电作用。 ( ) 2 3/ 2 3 4 2(2 / ] 2 exp B e h B g K k T h m m k T E n p K = = = −
I型(本征)半导体无杂质或杂质浓度很低的半导体,电子与空穴浓度相同CovalentbondSiioncore (+4e)Electronenergy,EE+xConduction Band(CB)Emptyofelectrons at 0KEBand gap=E+4Valence Band (VB)FullofelectronsatoKX(b)(a)(a)Asimplifiedtwodimensional viewofaregionoftheSicrystalshowing covalent bonds. (b) The energy band diagram of electrons in theSicrystal atabsolutezerooftemperature.?1999S.O.Kasap,Optoelectronics(PrenticeHall)
Electron energy, E ConductionBand(CB) Empty of electrons at 0 K. ValenceBand (VB) Full of electrons at 0 K. Ec Ev 0 Ec + (b) Band gap = Eg (a) Covalent bond Si ion core (+4e) (a) A simplified two dimensional view of a region of the Si crystal showing covalent bonds. (b) The energy band diagram of electrons in the Si crystal at absolute zero of temperature. ?1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall) 无杂质或杂质浓度很低的半导体,电 子与空穴浓度相同 I型(本征)半导体
N型半导体(第V族元素,如P,AS,Sb)后的掺入施主杂质半导体。其电子浓度大于空穴浓度。在导带下面形成一个具有自由电子占据的能级。称为施主能级。(b)(a)Electron Energy多数载流子:CBE电子~0.05eV少数载流子空穴Distance intoEcrystalAs atom sites every10°Siatoms(a)ThefourvalenceelectronsofAs(b)Energybanddiagramforann-typeSidopedallowittobond justlike Sibutthefifthwith1ppmAs.TherearedonorenergylevelsjustelectronisleftorbitingtheAssite.ThebelowE。around As+ sites.energyrequiredtoreleasetofreefifth-electronintotheCBisverysmall?1999S.0.Kasap,Optoelectronics(PrenticeHall)
掺入施主杂质(第V族元素,如P,As,Sb)后的 半导体,其电子浓度大于空穴浓度。在导带下 面形成一个具有自由电子占据的能级,称为施 主能级。 e – (a) As + x As + As + As + As + Ec Ed CB Ev ~0.05 eV As atom sites every 10 6 Si atoms Distance into crystal (b) Electron Energy (a) The four valence electrons of As allow it to bond just like Si but the fifth electron is left orbiting the As site. The energy required to release to free fifthelectron into the CB is very small. (b) Energy band diagram for an n-type Si doped with 1 ppm As. There are donor energy levels just below Ec around As + sites. ?1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall) 多数载流子: 电子 少数载流子: 空穴 N型半导体