上降气通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSIT ACIE Group 7 Firstly,living habits,including sleep habits and biorhythm,especially activities before sleep,have a deep effect on the quality of sleep.One perfect example to approve the relationship between sleep pattern and behavioral habits is Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP)(Courneya, Bobick.Schinke,1999).The theory has been utilized to account for undergraduate students'behaviors before sleep within a week in Australia(Kor Mullan,2011).The study found that both habits that students develop under normal circumstances and some perceived norms(including injunctive norms and descriptive norms)will significantly influence the quality of sleep in terms of sleep length and depth. Another important factor is mental state.Usually,people will make their mental state worse when suffering from various pressure,anxiety, depression.When it comes to university students or college students, pressure that makes changes to metal state mainly comes from academic workload and community activities.Research about relationship between psychosocial work characteristics and sleep quality(Van Dongen,Maislin, Mullington,&Dinges,2003)consists of 16 longitudinal studies and found that higher job demands are associated with lower future sleep quality. They also found moderate evidence of a positive link between job controls and quality of sleep.In addition,measures of job strain or job demands are typically found to be strongly related with adverse sleep outcomes(Karasek,1992).However,they noted that the proportion of variance attributable to these job characteristics was relatively small and the results based on ordinary people were unnecessarily reasonable when range of investigation is among college students. Finally,natural environment is also a significant factor.Natural environment comprises all the external condition that will affect the process of sleep,such as lighting,sound,temperature and even the texture and disposition of bedding.For example,to draw the relationship between insufficient sleep and the natural environment,researchers investigated whether exposure to attributes of the natural environment (e.g.,green space)attenuates the likelihood of reporting insufficient sleep among US adults(Grigsby-Toussaint et al.,2015).The results indicated that access to the natural environment attenuated the likelihood of reporting insufficient sleep,particularly among men.Another instance is the research of thermal environment and thermal comfort for sleeping people(Lan Lian,2016).The researchers concluded that the current thermal comfort theories and standards are mainly concerned with people in waking state but are not appropriate for sleeping people as the sleeping people have many different requirements on thermal environment than -5-
ACIE Group 7 - 5 - Firstly, living habits, including sleep habits and biorhythm, especially activities before sleep, have a deep effect on the quality of sleep. One perfect example to approve the relationship between sleep pattern and behavioral habits is Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP)(Courneya, Bobick, & Schinke, 1999). The theory has been utilized to account for undergraduate students’ behaviors before sleep within a week in Australia(Kor & Mullan, 2011). The study found that both habits that students develop under normal circumstances and some perceived norms(including injunctive norms and descriptive norms) will significantly influence the quality of sleep in terms of sleep length and depth. Another important factor is mental state. Usually, people will make their mental state worse when suffering from various pressure, anxiety, depression. When it comes to university students or college students, pressure that makes changes to metal state mainly comes from academic workload and community activities. Research about relationship between psychosocial work characteristics and sleep quality(Van Dongen, Maislin, Mullington,& Dinges, 2003) consists of 16 longitudinal studies and found that higher job demands are associated with lower future sleep quality. They also found moderate evidence of a positive link between job controls and quality of sleep. In addition, measures of job strain or job demands are typically found to be strongly related with adverse sleep outcomes(Karasek, 1992). However, they noted that the proportion of variance attributable to these job characteristics was relatively small and the results based on ordinary people were unnecessarily reasonable when range of investigation is among college students. Finally, natural environment is also a significant factor. Natural environment comprises all the external condition that will affect the process of sleep, such as lighting, sound, temperature and even the texture and disposition of bedding. For example, to draw the relationship between insufficient sleep and the natural environment, researchers investigated whether exposure to attributes of the natural environment (e.g., green space) attenuates the likelihood of reporting insufficient sleep among US adults(Grigsby-Toussaint et al., 2015). The results indicated that access to the natural environment attenuated the likelihood of reporting insufficient sleep, particularly among men. Another instance is the research of thermal environment and thermal comfort for sleeping people(Lan & Lian, 2016). The researchers concluded that the current thermal comfort theories and standards are mainly concerned with people in waking state but are not appropriate for sleeping people as the sleeping people have many different requirements on thermal environment than
上究豆大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSIT ACIE Group 7 the waking people.But due to limited data,a well-agreed single thermal neutral temperature cannot be established until more sleeping thermal comfort studies are conducted,involving difference of seasons and physical parameters. 2.3.The Limitation and Questions Compared with other groups of people,college students have their own unique sleep patterns because of their specialties.Students often have little sleep and suffer from many sleep problems,particularly so in some countries(Nagane,Suge,Watanabe,2016).Generally,young people are recommended to have continuous sleep for seven to nine hours per night(Patock-Peckham Morgan-Lopez,2009).However,with no doubt there is difference among students in different zones as pressure of academic work and natural environment vary.In other words,researches with smaller range are more likely to obtain the precise results and analysis.However,none of previous studies focuses on specific group- college students or analyzes sleep habits and biorhythm that will affect the quality of sleep with data obtained from real experiences in daily life. Another flaw in the previous studies is that most researches are conducted under lab-experimental situation,which require high cost and are not appropriate for amateur research team.Compared with it,data from students daily life in campus are more economical,as it just requires researchers to keep recording and evaluating students daily sleep situation and it is easier for students to optimize their sleep habits and biorhythm as it is closer to reality. The research addressed the following questions: (1)What unique sleeping patterns do students in colleges and universities have,compared with other groups of people? (2)How do sleep habits and biorhythm have influence on students' sleeping quality?And why? (3)How can students in college improve their sleeping quality through making changes to their sleep habits and biorhythm? 3.Methodology As we arouse three questions in the literature review,the following part is used to solve these three questions.To explore the unique sleep patterns of college students,we utilize the methodology of questionnaire. To know how sleep habits and biorhythm affect quality of sleep,we adopt a series of hands-on experiments.And the reasons and suggestions on how to improve quality of sleep are covered in the discussion part.Finally, -6-
ACIE Group 7 - 6 - the waking people. But due to limited data, a well-agreed single thermal neutral temperature cannot be established until more sleeping thermal comfort studies are conducted, involving difference of seasons and physical parameters. 2.3. The Limitation and Questions Compared with other groups of people, college students have their own unique sleep patterns because of their specialties. Students often have little sleep and suffer from many sleep problems, particularly so in some countries(Nagane, Suge, & Watanabe, 2016). Generally, young people are recommended to have continuous sleep for seven to nine hours per night(Patock-Peckham & Morgan-Lopez, 2009). However, with no doubt there is difference among students in different zones as pressure of academic work and natural environment vary. In other words, researches with smaller range are more likely to obtain the precise results and analysis. However, none of previous studies focuses on specific group— college students or analyzes sleep habits and biorhythm that will affect the quality of sleep with data obtained from real experiences in daily life. Another flaw in the previous studies is that most researches are conducted under lab-experimental situation, which require high cost and are not appropriate for amateur research team. Compared with it, data from students daily life in campus are more economical, as it just requires researchers to keep recording and evaluating students daily sleep situation and it is easier for students to optimize their sleep habits and biorhythm as it is closer to reality. The research addressed the following questions: (1) What unique sleeping patterns do students in colleges and universities have, compared with other groups of people? (2) How do sleep habits and biorhythm have influence on students’ sleeping quality? And why? (3) How can students in college improve their sleeping quality through making changes to their sleep habits and biorhythm? 3. Methodology As we arouse three questions in the literature review, the following part is used to solve these three questions. To explore the unique sleep patterns of college students, we utilize the methodology of questionnaire. To know how sleep habits and biorhythm affect quality of sleep, we adopt a series of hands-on experiments. And the reasons and suggestions on how to improve quality of sleep are covered in the discussion part. Finally
上究豆大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSIT ACIE Group 7 we reach our conclusion.The whole process is shown in Fig.1 in the form of mindmap. conclusion problems methodology discussion What are unique sleep patterns? Questionnaires Scientific explanations How do sleep habits and blorhythm have influence Hands-on experiments Conclusion on sleeping quality? Discussion why? How can students improve their sleeping patterns？ Fig.1 Research process 3.1.Research design The questionnaires2 (which are shown in the Appendix part)are designed to explore the unique sleep patterns of college students.Several hands-on experiments3 are adopted.Persistent stay-up test,keeping early hours test and nap test is to discuss the effects related to biorhythm.And cell phone playing test,exercising test and milk drinking test is to explore the effects related to sleep habits. 3.2.Participants The participants involved in questionnaires are 44 in total,up to 23. Apr.From Question 1 we can know that about 60%of the participants are male,and the rest 40%are female.We can see the pie graph in Fig.2. 5009% Fig.2 The pie graph for the gender of participants 2 The questionnaires are designed by Ding and Sun 3 Hands-on experiments are designed by Sun -7-
ACIE Group 7 - 7 - we reach our conclusion. The whole process is shown in Fig.1 in the form of mindmap. Fig.1 Research process 3.1. Research design The questionnaires2 (which are shown in the Appendix part) are designed to explore the unique sleep patterns of college students. Several hands-on experiments3 are adopted. Persistent stay-up test, keeping early hours test and nap test is to discuss the effects related to biorhythm.And cell phone playing test, exercising test and milk drinking test is to explore the effects related to sleep habits. 3.2. Participants The participants involved in questionnaires are 44 in total, up to 23. Apr. From Question 1 we can know that about 60％of the participants are male, and the rest 40％ are female. We can see the pie graph in Fig.2. Fig.2 The pie graph for the gender of participants 2 The questionnaires are designed by Ding and Sun 3 Hands-on experiments are designed by Sun
上降气通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSIT ACIE Group 7 As for the grades of the participants,which is shown in Fig.3,half of the participants are freshmen,more than one third of the participants are sophomores,the rest are senior,junior,master and doctor.The main purpose of the research is to investigate the unique sleep patterns of college students.For freshmen and sophomores,they are more likely to have problems in sleep because they just started their college life for a relatively short time,which is of benefit to our research. 大一，50% 博士，0% 研究，2.27% 大四，2.27% 大三，9.09% 大二，36.36% Fig.3 The pie graph for the grade of participants As for the participants in hands-on experiments,the persistent stay-up records come from the participant Sun(male,19),who recorded his experience and feeling of persistent stay-up during exam period (Jan/2016),together with cell phone playing and milk drinking test from 4.1 to 4.10.The participant Hu(female,19)conducted keeping early hours test and nap test from 3.28 to 4.10.The participant Ding(male,20) operated exercising test from 3.28 to 4.10. 3.3.Instrument Questionnaires Questionnaires are designed to explore the sleep patterns of college students quantitatively,the first two questions are aiming at figuring out the basic information of participants,question 3~7 are used to figure out the different sleep habits in weekdays and weekends,question 8~10 are designed to make clear the sleep patterns related to biorhythm,question 11 is employed to figure out sleep habits of participants,whereas question 12~15 are used to investigate the potential sleep problems and solutions. Experiments related to biorhythm Experiments related to biorhythm includes persistent stay-up test, keeping early hours test and nap test.The aim of persistent stay-up test is to make sure if it is available for students to stay-up during busy time and -8-
ACIE Group 7 - 8 - As for the grades of the participants , which is shown in Fig.3, half of the participants are freshmen, more than one third of the participants are sophomores, the rest are senior, junior, master and doctor. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the unique sleep patterns of college students. For freshmen and sophomores, they are more likely to have problems in sleep because they just started their college life for a relatively short time, which is of benefit to our research. Fig.3 The pie graph for the grade of participants As for the participants in hands-on experiments, the persistent stay-up records come from the participant Sun(male, 19) ,who recorded his experience and feeling of persistent stay-up during exam period (Jan/2016)，together with cell phone playing and milk drinking test from 4.1 to 4.10. The participant Hu (female, 19) conducted keeping early hours test and nap test from 3.28 to 4.10. The participant Ding(male, 20) operated exercising test from 3.28 to 4.10. 3.3. Instrument Questionnaires Questionnaires are designed to explore the sleep patterns of college students quantitatively,the first two questions are aiming at figuring out the basic information of participants, question 3~7 are used to figure out the different sleep habits in weekdays and weekends, question 8~10 are designed to make clear the sleep patterns related to biorhythm, question 11 is employed to figure out sleep habits of participants, whereas question 12~15 are used to investigate the potential sleep problems and solutions. Experiments related to biorhythm Experiments related to biorhythm includes persistent stay-up test, keeping early hours test and nap test. The aim of persistent stay-up test is to make sure if it is available for students to stay-up during busy time and