a Tenderness is present over the lateral epicondyle approximately 5 mm dis distal and anterior to the midpoint of the condyle. pain usually is exacerbated by resisted wrist dorsiflexion and forearm supination, and there is pain when grasping objects. Plain roentgenograms usually are negative occasionally calcific tendinitis may be present mri demonstrates tendon thickening with increased T1 and T2 signals but generally is not indicated
◼ Tenderness is present over the lateral epicondyle approximately 5 mm distal and anterior to the midpoint of the condyle. Pain usually is exacerbated by resisted wrist dorsiflexion and forearm supination, and there is pain when grasping objects. Plain roentgenograms usually are negative; occasionally calcific tendinitis may be present. MRI demonstrates tendon thickening with increased T1 and T2 signals but generally is not indicated
a Regardless of the underlying cause nonoperative treatment is successful in 95%o of patients with tennis elbow. Initial nonoperative treatment includes rest, ice, injections, and physical therapy centered around treatment such as ultrasound, electrical stimulation, manipulation, soft tissue mobilization, friction massage, stretching and strengthening exercises, and counter -force bracin If prolonged (6 to 12 months), operative treatment may be considered; it is effective in 90o of properly selected patients
◼ Regardless of the underlying cause, nonoperative treatment is successful in 95% of patients with tennis elbow. Initial nonoperative treatment includes rest, ice, injections, and physical therapy centered around treatment such as ultrasound, electrical stimulation, manipulation, soft tissue mobilization, friction massage, stretching and strengthening exercises, and counter-force bracing. ◼ If prolonged (6 to 12 months), operative treatment may be considered; it is effective in 90% of properly selected patients
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder.) 肩周炎或称冻结肩
Adhesive Capsulitis （frozen shoulder.） 肩周炎或称冻结肩
Frozen shoulders in patients who report no inciting event and with no abnormality on examination (other than loss of motion) or plain roentgenograms were designated as primary, "and those with precipitant traumatic injuries as"secondary. " This division helps in planning treatment but does not necessarily predict outcome
Frozen shoulders in patients who report no inciting event and with no abnormality on examination (other than loss of motion) or plain roentgenograms were designated as "primary," and those with precipitant traumatic injuries as "secondary." This division helps in planning treatment but does not necessarily predict outcome
No formal inclusion criteria. There are no universally accepted criteria for the diagnosis of frozen shoulder. internal rotation frequently is lost initially followed by loss of flexion and external rotation
◼ No formal inclusion criteria. There are no universally accepted criteria for the diagnosis of frozen shoulder. internal rotation frequently is lost initially, followed by loss of flexion and external rotation