《电子工程师手册》学习资料（英文版）Personal and Office 75.pdf_P6-P9

TABLE 75.5 New Frequency Management( Full Spec Block A 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B IC 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 123456789101112131415161718192021 222324252627282930313233343536373839404142 45464748495051525354555657585960616263 64656667686970772737475767778798081828384 858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105 10610710810911011112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126 127128129130131132133134135136 4214 148149150151 153154155156157158159160 62163164165 169170171172 174175176177178179180181 183184185 8189 91 11212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231 232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252 260261262263264265266267268269270271272273 274275276277278279280281282 284285286287288289290291292293294 308 671672673674675676677678679680681 684685686687688689690 92693694695696697698 712713714715716XXx991 992993994995996997998999100010011002 1003100410051006100710081009101010111012101310141015101610171018 1020102110221023 313*314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328 330331332333 Block B IA 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A IB 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B IC 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 以y顶mm如如如如如③m如那 373374375 397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417 418419420421422423424425426427428429430431432433434435436437438 439440441442443444445446447448 1452453454455 !物m0mm奶切切 49749849 502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522 523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543 545 56556656 587 92593594595 05606 607608609610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627 62862963063163263364635636637638639640641642643644645646647648 649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666xxX XxxX717718719720721722723724725726 728729730731732 7357367377387397407417427437447457 756757758759760761762763764765766767768769770771772773774 775776777778779780781782783784785786787788789790791792793794795 97798799 Boldface numbers indicate 21 control channels for Block A and Block B, respectively. c2000 by CRC Press LLC

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC TABLE 75.5 New Frequency Management (Full Spectrum) Block A 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 X X X X 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 313* 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 Block B 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 334* 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 X X X X X X X X 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 *Boldface numbers indicate 21 control channels for Block A and Block B, respectively

Mobile Data Systems The design aspect of developing a mobile data system is different from that of developing a cellular voice system, although the mobile radio environment is the same. The quality of a voice channel has to be determined based on a subjective test. The quality of a data transmission is based on an objective test. In a data transmission, the bit error rate and the word error rate are the parameters to be used to measure the performance at any given carrier-to-interference ratio(C/I). The burst errors caused by the multipath fading and the intersymbol inter- ence caused by the time delay spread are the major concerns in receiving the mobile data. The burst errors can be reduced by interleaving and coding. The intersymbol interference can be reduced by using equalizers or lowering the symbol rate or applying diversity. The wireless data transmission can be sent via a circuit switched network or a packet switched network. Also, mobile data transmission can be implemented on cellular systems or on a stand-alone syste ARDIS* Transmission rate 4.8 kbps and 19.2 kbps Transmission rate Transmit power 1 Transmit power Packet radio Cellular Plan ll Cellular Modems Transmission rate 19.2 kb Transmission rate Transmit power 0.6-1.2 w Transmission Channel Packet cellular cellular, carry data over cellular AT&T PowerTek vital ARDIS advanced radio data RAM= mobile data service Personal Communication Service Systems In June 1990, the FCC started to ask the wireless communication industry to study the development of future rsonal communication service(PCS)systems. (In late 1994, the FCC started to auction off two of the six ectral bands for over 7 billion dollars. In 1996, Band C was auctioned off for over 4 billion dollars. ) PCS systems need to have more capacity than cellular systems. The technologies of increasing the capacity not only apply to Gsm, but also apply to CDMA( code division multiple access)and the new microcell system. CDMA A San Diego field test held in 1991 showed that a cellular CDMa scheme can provide higher capacity than cellular TDMA (time division multiple access). A cellular CDMA system [Lee, May 1991] does not require a frequency reuse scheme. All the CDMA cells share the same radio channel. Therefore, the capacity of a cellular CDMA system is higher than either cellular FDMA(frequency division multiple access)or cellular TDMA systems. ssume that a spectral bandwidth of 1.2 MHz can be divided into 120 radio channels with a channel bandwidth of 10 kHz. This is an FDMA scheme. A spectral bandwidth of 1.2 MHz can also be divided into 40 radio channels with a radio channel bandwidth of 30 kHz but each radio channel carries three time slots herefore, a total of 120 time-slot channels is obtained. This is a TDMA scheme. A spectral bandwidth of 1.2 MHz can also be used as one radio channel but provide 40 code-sequence traffic channels for each sector of a cell. a cell of three sectors will have a total of 120 traffic channels this is a cdma scheme. now we can visualize that as far as channel efficiency is concerned, TDMA, FDMA, and CDMa provide the same number of traffic channels. However, in FDMA or TDMA, frequency reuse has to be applied. Let the frequency reuse factor K=7 maintain a required C/2 18 dB; then the total channels will be divided by 7 as: 17 channels/cell (in TDMA or FDMA) c 2000 by CRC Press LLC

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC Mobile Data Systems The design aspect of developing a mobile data system is different from that of developing a cellular voice system, although the mobile radio environment is the same. The quality of a voice channel has to be determined based on a subjective test. The quality of a data transmission is based on an objective test. In a data transmission, the bit error rate and the word error rate are the parameters to be used to measure the performance at any given carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I). The burst errors caused by the multipath fading and the intersymbol interference caused by the time delay spread are the major concerns in receiving the mobile data. The burst errors can be reduced by interleaving and coding. The intersymbol interference can be reduced by using equalizers or lowering the symbol rate or applying diversity. The wireless data transmission can be sent via a circuit switched network or a packet switched network. Also, mobile data transmission can be implemented on cellular systems or on a stand-alone system. Personal Communication Service Systems In June 1990, the FCC started to ask the wireless communication industry to study the development of future personal communication service (PCS) systems. (In late 1994, the FCC started to auction off two of the six spectral bands for over 7 billion dollars. In 1996, Band C was auctioned off for over 4 billion dollars.) PCS systems need to have more capacity than cellular systems. The technologies of increasing the capacity not only apply to GSM, but also apply to CDMA (code division multiple access) and the new microcell system. CDMA A San Diego field test held in 1991 showed that a cellular CDMA scheme can provide higher capacity than cellular TDMA (time division multiple access). A cellular CDMA system [Lee, May 1991] does not require a frequency reuse scheme.All the CDMA cells share the same radio channel. Therefore, the capacity of a cellular CDMA system is higher than either cellular FDMA (frequency division multiple access) or cellular TDMA systems. Assume that a spectral bandwidth of 1.2 MHz can be divided into 120 radio channels with a channel bandwidth of 10 kHz. This is an FDMA scheme. A spectral bandwidth of 1.2 MHz can also be divided into 40 radio channels with a radio channel bandwidth of 30 kHz but each radio channel carries three time slots. Therefore, a total of 120 time-slot channels is obtained. This is a TDMA scheme. A spectral bandwidth of 1.2 MHz can also be used as one radio channel but provide 40 code-sequence traffic channels for each sector of a cell. A cell of three sectors will have a total of 120 traffic channels. This is a CDMA scheme. Now we can visualize that as far as channel efficiency is concerned, TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA provide the same number of traffic channels. However, in FDMA or TDMA, frequency reuse has to be applied. Let the frequency reuse factor K = 7 maintain a required C/I ³ 18 dB; then the total channels will be divided by 7 as: ARDIS* RAM* Transmission rate 4.8 kbps and 19.2 kbps Transmission rate 8 kbps Transmit power 1 W Transmit power 4 W Channel Packet radio Channel Packet radio Vendors IBM/Motorola Vendor Ericsson Cellular Plan II Cellular Modems Transmission rate 19.2 kbps Transmission rate 38.4 kbps Transmit power 0.6–1.2 W Transmission 3 W Channel Packet cellular Channel Circuit cellular, carry data over cellular voice channels Modem vendor AT&T, PowerTek, Vital *ARDIS = advanced radio data *RAM = mobile data service 120 7 = 17 channels/cell (in TDMA or FDMA)

In CDMA no frequency reuse is required. Therefore, every cell can have the same 120 channels: number of annels/cell (in CDMA). In cellular, because the frequency reuse factor is applied on FDMA and TDMa schemes but not on CDMA, therefore, cellular CDMA has a greater spectrum efficiency than cellular FDMA or TDMA [ Lee, May 1991] New Microcell System The conventional microcell system [Lee, Nov. 1991, 1993] reduces the transmit power and makes a cell less than 1 km in radius. The concept of using cell splitting is to increase capacity. Furthermore, the new microcell system needs to find a way to make a conventional microcell to be intelligent. The conventional microcell does not have the intelligence to know where the mobile or portable units are located within the cell. Therefore, the cell site has to cover the signal strength over the whole cell or whole sector. The more unnecessary signal power transmitted, the more interference will be caused in the system and less capacity will be achieved. In this new intelligent microcell system, each cell is an intelligent cell. In a new microcell, there are three or more zones. The cell will know which zone a particular mobile unit is in. Then a small amount of power will be needed to deliver in that zone. The cochannel interference reduction factor(CiRF) now will be measured from two cochannel zones instead of two cochannel cells. Then the two cochannel cells can be located much closer. In this new microcell system, the frequency reuse factor K becomes K=3. As compared to the conventional microcell K= 7, the new microcell system has a capacity increase of 2. 33(= 7/3)times. These two techniques can be used in buildings and outside buildings. Defining Terms CDMA: A multiple access scheme by using code sequences as traffic channels in a comom radio channel. Cell splitting: A method of increasing capacity by reducing the size of the cell. Cochannel interference reduction factor(CIRF): A key factor used to design a cellular system to avoid the cochannel interference FDMA: A multiple access scheme by dividing an allocated spectrum into different radio channels. Frequency reuse factor(K): A number based on frequency reuse to determine how many channels per cell. GSM(Global System Mobile): European digital cellular standard using TDMA. Handoff: A frequency channel will be changed to a new frequency channel as the vehicle moves from one IDEN (Integrated Dispatch and Enhanced Network): A cellular-like system. Mobile cellular systems: A high-capacity system operating at 800-900 MHz using a frequency reuse scheme vehicle and portable telephone communications PHS(Personal Handy Phone System): A TDD system deployed in Japan. SMR(Specialized Mobile Radio): A trunked system for dispatch TDMA: A multiple access scheme by dividing a radio channel into many time slots where each slot carries a Related Topic 69.2 Radio References W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems, New York: McGraw Hill, 1989 W. C. Y Lee," Overview of cellular CDMA, IEEE Trans. on Veh. Tech, vol. 40, PP. 290-302, May 1991 w. C.Y. Lee,"Microcell architecture--Smaller cells for greater performance, " IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol 29, PP.19-23,Nov.1991 W. C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, 2nd ed, New York: Wiley, 1993. c2000 by CRC Press LLC

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC In CDMA no frequency reuse is required. Therefore, every cell can have the same 120 channels: number of channels/cell (in CDMA). In cellular, because the frequency reuse factor is applied on FDMA and TDMA schemes but not on CDMA, therefore, cellular CDMA has a greater spectrum efficiency than cellular FDMA or TDMA [Lee, May 1991]. New Microcell System The conventional microcell system [Lee, Nov. 1991, 1993] reduces the transmit power and makes a cell less than 1 km in radius. The concept of using cell splitting is to increase capacity. Furthermore, the new microcell system needs to find a way to make a conventional microcell to be intelligent. The conventional microcell does not have the intelligence to know where the mobile or portable units are located within the cell. Therefore, the cell site has to cover the signal strength over the whole cell or whole sector. The more unnecessary signal power transmitted, the more interference will be caused in the system and less capacity will be achieved. In this new intelligent microcell system, each cell is an intelligent cell. In a new microcell, there are three or more zones. The cell will know which zone a particular mobile unit is in. Then a small amount of power will be needed to deliver in that zone. The cochannel interference reduction factor (CIRF) now will be measured from two cochannel zones instead of two cochannel cells. Then the two cochannel cells can be located much closer. In this new microcell system, the frequency reuse factor K becomes K = 3. As compared to the conventional microcell K = 7, the new microcell system has a capacity increase of 2.33 (= 7/3) times. These two techniques can be used in buildings and outside buildings. Defining Terms CDMA: A multiple access scheme by using code sequences as traffic channels in a comom radio channel. Cell splitting: A method of increasing capacity by reducing the size of the cell. Cochannel interference reduction factor (CIRF): A key factor used to design a cellular system to avoid the cochannel interference. FDMA: A multiple access scheme by dividing an allocated spectrum into different radio channels. Frequency reuse factor (K): A number based on frequency reuse to determine how many channels per cell. GSM (Global System Mobile): European digital cellular standard using TDMA. Handoff: A frequency channel will be changed to a new frequency channel as the vehicle moves from one cell to another cell without the user’s intervention. IDEN (Integrated Dispatch and Enhanced Network): A cellular-like system. Mobile cellular systems: A high-capacity system operating at 800–900 MHz using a frequency reuse scheme for vehicle and portable telephone communications. PHS (Personal Handy Phone System): A TDD system deployed in Japan. SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio): A trunked system for dispatch. TDMA: A multiple access scheme by dividing a radio channel into many time slots where each slot carries a traffic channel. Related Topic 69.2 Radio References W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems, New York: McGraw Hill, 1989. W. C. Y. Lee, “Overview of cellular CDMA,” IEEE Trans. on Veh. Tech., vol. 40, pp. 290–302, May 1991. W. C. Y. Lee, “Microcell architecture—Smaller cells for greater performance,” IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 29, pp. 19–23, Nov. 1991. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, 2nd ed., New York: Wiley, 1993