ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Seventh Edition STANLEY E. MANAHAN LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION Emvironmental chemistry, Seventh Edition, continues much the same organizational structure, level, and emphasis that have been developed through preceding editions. In addition to providing updated material in the rapidly developing area of environmental chemistry, this edition emphasizes several major concepts that are proving essential to the practice of environmental chemistry at the beginning of the new millennium. These include the concept of the anthrosphere as a distinct sphere of the environment and the practice of industrial ecology sometimes known as green chemistry" as it applies to chemical science Chapter I serves as an introduction to environmental science, technology, and chemistry. Chapter 2 defines and discusses the anthrosphere, industrial ecosystems and their relationship to environmental chemistry. Chapters 3 through 8 deal with aquatic chemistry Chapters 9 through 14 discuss atmospheric chemistry. Chapter 14 emphasizes the greatest success story of environmental chemistry to date, the study of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons which resulted in the first Nobel prize awarded in environmental chemistry. It also emphasizes the greenhouse effect, which may be the greatest of all threats to the global environment as we know it Chapters 15 and 16 deal with the geosphere, the latter chapter emphasizing soil and agricultural chemistry. Included in the discussion of agricultural chemistry is the important and controversial new area of of transgenic crops. Another area discussed is that of conservation tillage, which makes limited use of herbicides to grow crops with minimum soil disturbance Chapters 17 through 20 cover several aspects of industrial ecology and how relates to material and energy resources, recycling, and hazardous waste Chapters 21 through 23 cover the biosphere. Chapter 21 is an overview of biochemistry with emphasis upon environmental aspects. Chapter 22 introduces and outlines the topic of toxicological chemistry. Chapter 23 discusses the toxicological chemistry of various classes of chemical substances Chapters 24 through 27 deal with environmental chemical analysis, including ter wastes, air and xenobiotics in biological materials The last two chapters of the book, 28 and 29 include an overview of general o 2000 CRC Press llc
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION __________________________ __________________________ Environmental chemistry, Seventh Edition, continues much the same organizational structure, level, and emphasis that have been developed through preceding editions. In addition to providing updated material in the rapidly developing area of environmental chemistry, this edition emphasizes several major concepts that are proving essential to the practice of environmental chemistry at the beginning of the new millennium. These include the concept of the anthrosphere as a distinct sphere of the environment and the practice of industrial ecology, sometimes known as “green chemistry” as it applies to chemical science. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to environmental science, technology, and chemistry. Chapter 2 defines and discusses the anthrosphere, industrial ecosystems, and their relationship to environmental chemistry. Chapters 3 through 8 deal with aquatic chemistry. Chapters 9 through 14 discuss atmospheric chemistry. Chapter 14 emphasizes the greatest success story of environmental chemistry to date, the study of ozonedepleting chlorofluorocarbons which resulted in the first Nobel prize awarded in environmental chemistry. It also emphasizes the greenhouse effect, which may be the greatest of all threats to the global environment as we know it. Chapters 15 and 16 deal with the geosphere, the latter chapter emphasizing soil and agricultural chemistry. Included in the discussion of agricultural chemistry is the important and controversial new area of of transgenic crops. Another area discussed is that of conservation tillage, which makes limited use of herbicides to grow crops with minimum soil disturbance. Chapters 17 through 20 cover several aspects of industrial ecology and how it relates to material and energy resources, recycling, and hazardous waste. Chapters 21 through 23 cover the biosphere. Chapter 21 is an overview of biochemistry with emphasis upon environmental aspects. Chapter 22 introduces and outlines the topic of toxicological chemistry. Chapter 23 discusses the toxicological chemistry of various classes of chemical substances. Chapters 24 through 27 deal with environmental chemical analysis, including water, wastes, air, and xenobiotics in biological materials. The last two chapters of the book, 28 and 29 include an overview of general © 2000 CRC Press LLC
chemistry and of organic chemistry. Although the book is designed for readers who have a good understanding of general chemistry and some knowledge of organic chemistry, these last chapters can serve as resource materials for individuals who may not have a very good background in chemistry The author welcomes comments and questions from readers. He can be reached by e-mail at manahan(@missouri. edu C 2000 CRC Press llc
chemistry and of organic chemistry. Although the book is designed for readers who have a good understanding of general chemistry and some knowledge of organic chemistry, these last chapters can serve as resource materials for individuals who may not have a very good background in chemistry. The author welcomes comments and questions from readers. He can be reached by e-mail at manahans@missouri.edu. © 2000 CRC Press LLC
taney e. Manahan is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Missouri Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965 and is President of Chem Char Research, Inc, a firm developing non-incinerative thermochemical waste treatment processes. He received his A B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960 and his Ph D, in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968 his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste treatment. He teaches courses on environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical chemistry, he has lectured on these topics throughout the U. S. as an American Chemical Society Local Section tour speaker, and he has written a number of books on these topics C 2000 CRC Press llc
Stanley E. Manahan is Professor of Chemistry at the University of MissouriColumbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965 and is President of ChemChar Research, Inc., a firm developing non-incinerative thermochemical waste treatment processes. He received his A.B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960 and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968 his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste treatment. He teaches courses on environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical chemistry; he has lectured on these topics throughout the U.S. as an American Chemical Society Local Section tour speaker, and he has written a number of books on these topics. © 2000 CRC Press LLC
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 1.1 What is Environmental science? 1.2 Environmental Chemistry and Environmental biochemistry 1.3 Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology 1.4 Ecology and the biosphere 1.5 Energy and Cycles of Energy 1.6 Matter and Cycles of Matter 1.7 Human Impact and Pollution 1.8 Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offer CHAPTER 2: THE ANTHROSPHERE. INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2. 1 The Anthrosphere 2.2 Technology and the Anthrosphere 2.3 Infrastructure 2.5 Transportation 2.6 Communications 2.7 Food and Agriculture 2.8 Manufacturing 2.9 Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth 2.10 Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment 2. 11 The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology 2. 12 Environmental Chemistry CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY 3.1 Water Quality and Quantity 3.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance 3.3 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water 3.4 Aquatic Life 5 Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry 3.6 Gases in Wate C 2001 CRC Press llc
CONTENTS __________________________ __________________________ CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND CHEMISTRY 1.1 What is Environmental Science? 1.2 Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Biochemistry 1.3 Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology 1.4 Ecology and the Biosphere 1.5 Energy and Cycles of Energy 1.6 Matter and Cycles of Matter 1.7 Human Impact and Pollution 1.8 Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offers CHAPTER 2: THE ANTHROSPHERE, INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2.1 The Anthrosphere 2.2 Technology and the Anthrosphere 2.3 Infrastructure 2.4 Dwellings 2.5 Transportation 2.6 Communications 2.7 Food and Agriculture 2.8 Manufacturing 2.9 Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth 2.10 Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment 2.11 The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology 2.12 Environmental Chemistry CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY 3.1 Water Quality and Quantity 3.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance 3.3 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water 3.4 Aquatic Life 3.5 Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry 3.6 Gases in Water © 2001 CRC Press LLC