ATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS software usually includes a variety of online services. For example, computer users can keep Experts usually divide computers into five an eye on investments, compare insurance ra groups: personal computers, mobile computers from different insurance companies, and do and mobile devices, midrange servers, online banking mainframes, and supercomputers. A computer's Many banks' Web sites also offer online size, speed, and processing power usually banking With online banking, users access decide which group it fits. Because of rapid their account balances, pay bills, and copy between the groups is not always very clear. For directly onto their computers. When usinga changes in technology, however, the difference monthly transactions from the banks comput example, the speed that defines a mainframe Web site instead of finance software on your computer today may define a midrange server computer, all your account information is stored next year. Some characteristics may overlap on the banks computer. The advantage is that groups. Still, many people refer to these groups you can access your bank information from when discussing computers. anywhere in the world. Web-based banks often allow you to transfer money from a credit card or bank account to another person's credit card COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN or bank account. SOCIETY Government The computer has changed society today as A government provides society with direction much as the industrial revolution changed by making and administering policies. Many society in the eighteenth and nineteenth people consider the government responsible for centuries making, carrying out, and interpreting the la You may work directly with computers in Government also includes areas such as law fields such as education, finance, government, enforcement, employment, military, national health care, science, publishing, travel, or security, taxes, and national and local agencies industry, Or, you may benefit from discoveries To provide people with up-to-date information, and developments in these fields. The following most government offices have Web sites pages describe how computers have made a Employees of government agencies use difference in people s work in these fields computers in their daily work Health Care Education Education is the process of acquiring Nearly every area of health care uses computers knowledge. Traditionally, people learn from Hospitals and doctors use computers to keep other people such as parents, teachers, and patient records employers. Books and other materials are used Computers monitor patients' vital signs in to help learning. Today, educators are also using hospital rooms and at home computers to assist with education. Students use Computers and computerized devices assist software to assist with learning or to finish doctors, nurses, and technicians with medical homework tests Sometimes, the delivery of education is Doctors use the Web and medical software to different from the place of learning. For example, assist with researching and diagnosing health students can take a class on the Web. Some conditions. classes are mixed, that is, part of the learning Surgeons use computer-controlled devices to happens in a real classroom and the other part happens on the Web help with difficult operations, such as laser eye surgery and heart surgery Finance An exciting development in health care is Many people and companies use computers to telemedicine, which is a kind of long-distance help manage their finances. Some use finance health care. Through telemedicine, health-care software to pay bills, manage investments, and workers in different places can meet and hold take care of many other financial tasks. This discussions using the computer. For example, a
doctor in one city can have a conference with a newspapers available online, Some Web sites doctor in another city to discuss a bone x-ray allow you to copy an entire book to your Live images of each doctor, along with the x-ray, computer are displayed on each doctors computer Industry Science Industries use computers to help with All branches of science, from biology to manufacturing processes. This use is called astronomy to meteorology, use computers to help Computer-aided manufacturing( CAM) them with collecting, studying, and working with Industries use CAM to reduce product data. Scientists also use the Internet to development costs, shorten a product's time to communicate with other scientists around the market, and stay ahead of the competition w Robots often carry out processes in a CAM Breakthroughs in surgery, medicine, and treatments often result from scientists'use of including looking for oil, generating power, and computers. Tiny computers now act like parts of manufacturing food and cars. Car factories, for the human body, such as part of an eye or an ear. example, have an entire line of industrial robots One tiny computer that is put into the ear allows to put together a car a deaf person to hear. Cameras small enough to swallow take pictures inside your body to help doctors look for cancer and other problems CHAPTER SUMMARY Publishing Chapter 1 introduced you to basic Publishing is the process of making work concepts such as what a computer is, how it works, and what makes it a powerful tool. You available to the public. These works include books, magazines, and newspapers. Special learned about the components of a computer. Next, the chapter discussed networks, the software assists publishers in designing pages that include text, graphics, and photographs Internet, and computer software. Computer Journalists carry notebook computers, mobile applications in society were also presented. This devices, and digital cameras to catch and record chapter was an overview. Many of the terms and news when it happens concepts that were introduced here will be discussed further in later chapters In addition to printing materials, many publishers make the content of magazines and
KEY TERMS > Primary Terms (shown in bold-black characters in the chapter application softwar data network storage media 应用软件 数据 网络 存储介质 communications hardware output device system software device 硬件 输出设备 系统钦件 通讯设备 information Photo community system unit computer 信息 图片社区 主机.系统单元 计算机 input device program telecommuting computer literacy 输入设备 程序 远程办公 计算机能力(常识 installing software Web 知识) 安装 钦件 网络。万维网 computer-aided Internet storage device manufacturing 因特网 存储设备 计算机辅助生产 >>secondary Terms (shown in italic characters in the chapter CAM Information processing operating systern xrt 计算机辅助生产 le 操作系统 服务器 client 信息处理周期 CEsSI telemedicine 用户.客户机 instructions 处理器 远程医疗 digital divide 指令 resourcs utility program 数字鸿沟 Trickery 资源 公用程序 garbage in, garbage out 无用输入,无用输出 garbage in, garbage out 这是一个电脑用语,意为“无用(或错误)输入,则导致无用(或错误)输出”,缩写为GCO.这是在货科处 理上一个十分著名的理论。这个理论强调的是:对电脑系统来说,只有对有意义的料输入进行处理,才能产生有意 又的输出;无论电脑的能力有多么强大,假如输人电脑中的資科是错误的,则输出的資科必定是无用或误的。这个 电脑用语强调了散据输入的准确性
0 单元注释 employees use computers to create letters and 来,因此这段时期被称为“中小规模集成电路计算机 calculate payroll, and weather forecasters use computers 时代”。集成电路( ntegrated Circuit,简称1C)是做 to predict weather pattens.员工用计算机写信,计算 在晶片上的一个完整的电子电路,这个晶片比手指甲 霸水,天气预报工作者用计算机预报天气模式 还小,却包含了几千个晶体管尤件。第三代计算机的 目前,数值天气预报水平的高低已经成为了衡量 特点是体积更小,价格更低,可靠性更高,计算速度 世界各国气象事业现代化程度的重要标志,而气象预 更快。第三代计算机的代表是1BM公司花了50亿美元 报也已从传统的理论方法,发展到了今天以大气科学 开发的1BM360系列 理论为基础,综合运用科技手段,通过高性能计算机平 从1971年到现在,被称之为“大规模集成电路计 台完成的现代气象数值预报。为了满足气象数据处理 算机时代”。第四代计算机使用的元件依然是集成电 中要求的超级算能力和高存储,我国自主设计出了 路,不过,这种集成电路已经大大改善,它包含着几 专门用于气象预报的超级计算机,为我国的气象事业 十万到上百万个体管,人们称之为大规集成电路 做出了重大献。 ( Large Scale Integrated Circuit,简称LS1)和超大规 模果成电路( Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit 2 computer is an electronic device, operating under 简称VLS1),1975年,美国IBM公司推出了个人计算 the control of instructions stored in its own memory. 机 PC (Personal Computer),从此,人们对计算机不 that can accept data, manipulate the data according to 再陌生,计昇机开始深入到人类生活的各个方面 certain rules, produce results, and store the results for future use计算机是一种在存储于其内存中的指令的3 d Some people call the series of input, process,output, 控制下接受数据、按一定规则运算数据,井将结果储存 and storage activities the information processing cycle 起来供将来使用的电子设备。 有人把输入、处理,输出和存储信息这一系列过程称 1946年2月,世界上第一台电子计算机 ENIAC 为信息处理周期。 (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Caculator, t 子数字积分计算机)在美国加利福尼亚州问世,4 A computer contains many electric, electronic, and ENAC用了18000个电子管和86000个其他电子元 mechanical components known as hardware. These 件,有两个教室那么大,运算逮度却只有每秒300次各 components include input devices, output devices, a 种运算或5000次加法,耗货100万美元以上。尽管 system unit, storage devices, and communications ENAC有许多不足之处,但它是计机的始祖,辆开 devices.一台计算机包括很多电气,电子和机械组件。 了计算机时代的序幕 这些组件又称为“硬件”,包括输入设备,输出设备 计算机的发展到目前为止共经历了四个时代,从 系统单元、存储设备和通讯投备。 1946年到1959年这段时期我们称之为“电子管计算机 时代”第一代计算机的内部元件使用的是电子管,其5 The system unit is a box-like case that contains 特点是发热量大,寿命杜,计其机运行时常常发生由于 electronic components of the computers. The circuitry 电子管被烧坏而便计算机死机的现象。第一代计算机 of the system unit usually is part of or is connected to 主要用于科学研究和工程计算 a circuit board called the motherboard.系统单元是一 从1960年到1964年,由于在计算机中采用了比电 个盒状的容器,里面容纳了计算机的电子组件。系统 子管更先进的晶休管,所以我们将这段时期称为“晶体 单元的线路一般是一个被称为主板的线路板的一部分 管计某机时代。晶体管比电子管小得多,不需要暖机 或是连接在主板上。 时间,消耗能量较少,处理更迅速,更可靠。第二代计 打开机穑后,您能够看到的最大的一块电路板就 算机的程序语言从机器语富发展到汇编语言。接着,高 是主板,在它的上面有很多长烛不一的插槽,显十,内 鍰语言 FORTRAN语言和 COBOL语言相继开发出来 存条等设备就是栖在这些插槽里与主板连接起来的。 并被广泛使用。这时,开始使用砸盘和磁带作为辅助存 除此之外,还有各种光器件和接口,它们将机精内的 储器。第二代计算机的体积和傍格都下降了,使用的人 各种设备连接起来。如果说CPU是电脑的心脏,那么 也多起来了,计算机工业迅速发展。第二代计算机主要 主板就是血管和神经,有了主板,电脑的CPU才能控 用于离业、大学教学和政府机美。 制硬盘,软驱等周边设备。 从1965年到1970年,集成电路械应用到计算机中
CHECKPOINT Use the Checkpoint exercises to check your knowledge level of the chapter. s LABEL THE FIGURE enty these common computer hardware components a. card reader(storage b, CD/DVD drive (storage) c. digital camera(input) d floppy disk drive (storage) e hard disk drive(storage) f. keyboard (input) hone(input) h modem (communications) 6. 1 i. monitor(output) j. mouse(input) k PC video camera(input) L. printer(output) mscanner(input) n speaker(output) o. system unit(processor, memory, storage TRUE/FALSE Mark T tor True and F for False 1. Computer literacy means knowing how to program computers 2. Data is a collection of items that have not yet been processed 3. The client controls access to the resources on a network 4. The Internet is a worldwide group of servers. 5. Software is a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do 6. System software is a set of programs that manages all the activities among computer hardware devices 7. Few publishers put magazines and newspapers online. 8. A network must have a server