FIG 3-4 Louis Pasteur(1822-1895) began as a chemist but soon became a pioneer micro- biologist. Pasteur's work emcompassed pure research and many areas of applied science that produced several important practical discoveries. Among his many accomplishments, Pasteur discredited the theory of spontaneous generation, introduced vaccination to treat rabies, and solved industrial problems related to the production and spoilage of foods
FIG. 3-5 To discredit the theory of spontaneous genera tion, Pasteur used various shapes in the design of his swan-necked flasks. Pasteur boiled the liquid containing nutrients to kill any microorganisms that were already there. He then left the flasks open to the air. The curved necks of the flasks trapped dust particles, preventing them from carrying microorganisms to the liquid broth growth medium so that the broth remained clear and free of mi- croorganisms(top). These experiments demonstrate that spontaneous generation does not occur. When he broke the necks of some of the flasks(bottom), dust carried a mi croorganism into the broth growth medium. The microor ganism grew in the broth, making it turbid(cloudy)
Joseph Lister(1827-1912) recognized the importance of preventing the contamination of wounds to curtail the development of infection. He developed antiseptic methods for preventing infection using carbolic acid (phenol) to treat wounds
FIG. 12-1 Robert Koch(1843-1910) pioneered studies in medical microbiology and developed many of the basic methods essential for the study of microbiology. Koch's postulates for establishing the etiology of infectious dis. ases and the methodological techniques he developed are still used today in scientific investigations
(二)抗感染免疫、化学疗法及抗生素的 发现
（二）抗感染免疫、化学疗法及抗生素的 发现