Will and going to: shall will infinitive and going to infinitive are commonly used to talk about the future. Sometimes he difference between them is very small: John'll Johns going to meet us in the restaurant at 8 o'clock. will you/Are you going to come back this evening? However, going to is preferred in spoken English(where it is often pronounced /mon/) and will is preferred in formal written English. For other uses of will see Units 18 and 19.) In B-d below we focus on where there is a meaning difference. Weusegoing torathet han will when we PREDICT that something will happen in the because we have some evidence for it now. It may be that we predict an event that is s iust ab happen on the basis of something that we feel, see(etc )now: What's that matter with her? She thinks shes going to faint or it may be that we can predict an event because we have been told that it will happen: Did you know that Bob and Kath are going to get married However, if we make a prediction based on our opinion or our past experience we use will: Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again I imagine the stadium will be full for the match on Saturday When we talk about intentionS or decisions about the future that were made some time before we report them, we prefer going to or the present continuous(see Unit 12) Whos arranging the party? Jo's going to do it.(= this has been planned) Toni told me that she s going to move back to Spain.(= reporting an intention) However, notice that in a formal style, we use will rather than going to to talk about future events that have been previously arranged in some detail The meeting will begin at 10.00 am. Coffee will be available from 9. 30 onwards When we state a decision made at the moment of speaking, we prefer will 'Isthat the phone? "Don' t worry. I'll get it. It's late. I think I'll go to bed now We can use will or going to with little difference in meaning in the main clause of an if-sentence when we say that something(often something negative) is conditional on something else- it will happen if something else happens first If we go on like this, we'll/we're going to lose all our money. You'll/ You're going to knock that glass over (if you're not more careful) However, we use will (or another auxiliary), not going to when we describe a future event that follows another. Often 'if has a ing similar to when in this kind of sentence If you look carefully, you'll (or can) find writing scratched on the gla If you move to your left, you'll (or may) be able to see the church Shall ( For other uses of shall, see Unit 25.) We can use shall (or shant)instead of will (or won't)in statements about the future with I and we, although it is more common to use will/wont: When I retire, I shall/ will have more time for my painting The stronger we are, the more we shall/ will be able to help others E. In current English we don t useshall/shan't with other subjects (it, she, they, etc )when we talk about the future
I Wil l an d goin g to ; shal l Will + infinitive and going to + infinitive are commonly used to talk about the future. Sometimes the difference between them is very small: • John'U / John's going to meet us in the restaurant at 8 o'clock. • Will you / Are you going to come back this evening? However, going to is preferred in spoken English (where it is often pronounced /дэпэ/) and will is preferred in formal written English. (For other uses of will see Units 18 and 19.) In B-D below we focus on where there is a meaning difference. В ^ e us e 8 О Ш8 t o ra ther than will when we PREDICT that something will happen in the future because we have some evidence for it now. It may be that we predict an event that is just about to happen on the basis of something that we feel, see (etc.) now: • 'What's that matter with her?' 'She thinks she's going to faint.' or it may be that we can predict an event because we have been told that it will happen: • Did you know that Bob and Kath are going to get married? However, if we make a prediction based on our opinion or our past experience we use will: • Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again. • I imagine the stadium will be full for the match on Saturday. When we talk about INTENTIONS or DECISIONS about the future that were made some time before we report them, we prefer going to or the present continuous (see Unit 12): • 'Who's arranging the party?' 'Jo's going to do it.' (- this has been planned) • Toni told me that she's going to move back to Spain. (= reporting an intention) However, notice that in a formal style, we use will rather than going to to talk about future events that have been previously arranged in some detail: • The meeting will begin at 10.00 am. Coffee will be available from 9.30 onwards. When we state a decision made at the moment of speaking, we prefer will: • 'Is that the phone?"Don't worry. I'll get it.' • It's late. I think I'll go to bed now. We can use will or going to with little difference in meaning in the main clause of an if-sentence when we say that something (often something negative) is conditional on something else - it will happen if something else happens first: • If we go on like this, we'll / we're going to lose all our money. • You'll / You're going to knock that glass over (if you're not more careful). However, we use will (or another auxiliary), not going to, when we describe a future event that follows another. Often 'if' has a meaning similar to 'when' in this kind of sentence: • If you look carefully, you'll (or can) find writing scratched on the glass. • If you move to your left, you'll (or may) be able to see the church. Shall (For other uses of shall, see Unit 25.) We can use shall (or shan't) instead of will (or won't) in statements about the future with I and we, although it is more common to use will/won't: • When I retire, / shall/will have more time for my painting. • The stronger we are, the more we shall/will be able to help others. • In current English we don't use shall/shan't with other subjects (it, she, they, etc.) when we talk ' about the future. Will: willingness: Will: habits = Shall: permission and offers =
UNIT EXERCISES 11.1 Choose will (Il)or(be) going to, whichever is correct or more likely and one of these verbs (B&C) collapse eat enter explode have increase leave paint ph none re-open I Get out of the building! It sounds like the generator. 5 going. to explode 2 Tim early before he reaches 65. He mentioned it at the meeting recently 3 think l home across the park. Thats a good idea. 4 Next year, no doubt, more people the competition as the prize money Increases 5 Can we meet at 10.00 outside the station?Okay. I you there 6 Don t sit on that bench. I 7 Im not feeling well. In fact. I think l 8 Closed over the New Year period. This office on 2nd January. ( Sign on an ffice window) 9 II a good time staying with Richard 10 We with Tim tonight. He's asked us to be there at 7.00 l1‘The2.35 to bristo from platform 5. (Announcement at railway station 12 I wouldn' t walk across that old bridge if I were you. It looks like it. 13 I read in the paper that they the price of gas again. 14 Do you like my new solar watch? Here, I you how it works. 15 'Dr Jackson isnt in his office at the moment ''In that case. I him at home 11.2 Complete the sentences with will (Il)or(be) going to and an appropriate verb Ifboth will and going to are possible, write them both. (D) I If you're ready, I..explain. how the equipment operates 2 I warn you that if I see you here again, I your parents. 3 If we don' t leave now. we he train 4 If you decide to contact Jane, I you her address 5 If you stand in the rain much longer, you cold 6 He's seriously hurt. If we dont get help immediately, he 7 If you want to leave this afternoon, Joe you to the station. 8 If you visit Bernard in Vienna, I'm sure you very welcome 113 e Make any necessary corrections or mprovements to the underlined parts of this extract from a lephone conversation. Mark and oare discussing their holidays. (B,C E M: Have you got a holiday planned J: Ruth has asked me to visit her in Kenya M: Kenya! Sound brilliant. You're going to' have a great time M:Well, I expect I shall* go away if I can spare the time, but my boss shant be very happy if I take off more than a few days I imagine that my parents shall probably go to Mexico again to see their friends there. but i don't think i shall be able to go with them. They've told me they'1l6 learn Spanish before they go this time. . Look, I'm sorry, Jo, but someones at the door. I'm going to call you back tomorrow morning Okay, I'll speak to you then
UNIT EXERCISES 11.1 Choose will ('11) or (be) going to, whichever is correct or more likely, and one of these verbs. (B&C) collapse eat enter explode have increase leave paint phone re-open retire see show be sick walk 1 Get out of the building! It sounds like the generator .У ..gowg__to...expUaie, 2 Tim early before he reaches 65. He mentioned it at the meeting recently. 3 'I think I home across the park.' 'That's a good idea.' 4 Next year, no doubt, more people the competition as the prize money increases. 5 'Can we meet at 10.00 outside the station?' 'Okay. I you there.' 6 Don't sit on that bench, I it. 7 I'm not feeling well. In fact, I think I ! 8 'Closed over the New Year period. This office on 2nd January.' (Sign on an office window) 9 I'm sure you a good time staying with Richard. 10 We with Tim tonight. He's asked us to be there at 7.00. 11 'The 2.35 to Bristol from platform 5.' (Announcement at railway station.) 12 I wouldn't walk across that old bridge if I were you. It looks like it 13 1 read in the paper that they the price of gas again. 14 Do you like my new solar watch? Here, I you how it works. 15 'Dr Jackson isn't in his office at the moment.' 'In that case, I him at home.' 11.2 Complete the sentences with will ('11) or (be) going to and an appropriate verb. If both will and going to are possible, write them both. (D) 1 If you're ready, I ...^...^хрЦЧ*)... how the equipment operates. 2 I warn you that if I see you here again, I your parents. 3 If we don't leave now, we the train. 4 If you decide to contact Jane, I you her address. 5 If you stand in the rain much longer, you cold. 6 He's seriously hurt. If we don't get help immediately, he 7 If you want to leave this afternoon, Joe you to the station. 8 If you visit Bernard in Vienna, I'm sure you very welcome. 11.3 Make any necessary corrections or improvements to the underlined parts of this extract from a telephone conversation. Mark and]о are discussing their holidays. (В, С & E) M: Have you got a holiday planned? J: Ruth has asked me to visit her in Kenya. Kenya! Sound brilliant. You're going to1 have a great time. How about you? Well, I expect I shall2 go away if I can spare the time, but my boss shan't 3 be very happy if I take off more than a few days. I imagine that my parents shall4 probably go to Mexico again, to see their friends there, but I don't think I shall5 be able to go with them. They've told me theyll 6 learn Spanish before they go this time... Look, I'm sorry, Jo, but someone's at the door. I'm going to7 call you back tomorrow morning. Okay, ГП8 speak to you then. 23
PresenIt continuous am doing) Tor Ine e and going to We use the present continuous and going to infinitive(see also Unit 11C)to talk about future activities and events that are intended or have already been arranged: o. She's making a speech at the conference next week. Are you seeing Tony this week?( do you have an arrangement to see him?) Im tired. I'm not going to work any more tonight Were going to do some climbing in the Pyrenees. We dont use will to talk about arrangements and intentions(but see Unit 1IC) Apparently, the council are closing /are going to close the old library. reporting an arrangement)(not. the council will close.) When we talk about an intention to do something in the future, although no definite arrangement has been made, we prefer going to rather than the present continuous. To emphasise that we are talking about a deFine arraNgement, we prefer the present continuous Study these sentences. Before I go to China next year, I'm going They re leaving from Frankfurt airport at to learn some Cantonese. (rather than 6.30 pm.(rather than They re going to Im learning some Cantonese) leave.) Im still not feeling very well, so I think We're having a party on Sunday, 12th I'm going to see the doctor some time this November. Can you come?(rather than eek.(ratherthan.I think I'm seeing the We're going to have. doctor.) The orchestra is performing Mahler's 5th What are you going to do next, now that Symphony at next week's concert (rather you've finished your course?(rather than than. is going to perform.) What are you doing next.) We dont use the present continuous for the future when we make or report predictions about activities or events over which we have no control (we can't arrange these) I think it's going to rain/ll rainsoon. (not I think it,'s raining soon. Scientists say that the satellite is going to fall will fall to Earth some time this afternoon (not. the satellite is falling.) when we talk about permanent future situations eople are going to live / will live longer in thefuture (not. are living.) The brothers are going to own /will own most of the buildings in the street before long (not. are owning.) Her new house is going to have/will have three floors, (not. is having.) with the verb be ohns going to be a shepherd in the school play nextweek. ( not Johns being.) Im going to be in Tokyo in May. (not I'm being in Tokyo.) B We tend to avoid going to go and use the present continuous form of go instead I'm going to town on Saturday. (rather than I'm going to go to town.) Alice is going to university nextyear. (rather than .. is going to go to university. willa goingto→[11
rreseni continuous and going to am aoingj тог тпе титиге We use the present continuous and going to + infinitive (see also Unit 11С) to talk about future activities and events that are intended or have already been arranged: Q • She's making a speech at the conference next week. • • Are you seeing Tony this week? (= do you have an arrangement to see him?) • I'm tired. I'm not going to work any more tonight. • We're going to do some climbing in the Pyrenees. We don't use will to talk about arrangements and intentions (but see Unit 11C): • Apparently, the council are closing / are going to close the old library. (= reporting an arrangement) (not ...the council will close...) When we talk about an INTENTION to do something in the future, although no definite arrangement has been made, we prefer going to rather than the present continuous. To emphasise that we are talking about a DEFINITE ARRANGEMENT, we prefer the present continuous. Study these sentences: • Before I go to China next year, I'm going to learn some Cantonese, (rather than ...I'm learning some Cantonese.) • I'm still not feeling very well, so I think I'm going to see the doctor some time this week, (rather than ...I think I'm seeing the doctor...) • What are you going to do next, now that you've finished your course? (rather than What are you doing next...) • They're leaving from Frankfurt airport at 6.30 pm. (rather than They're going to leave...) • We're having a party on Sunday, 12th November. Can you come? (rather than We're going to have...) • The orchestra is performing Mahler's 5th Symphony at next week's concert, (rather than ...is going to perform...) We don't use the present continuous for the future: • when we make or report predictions about activities or events over which we have no control (we can't arrange these): • I think it's going to rain / '11 rain soon, (not I think it's raining soon.) • Scientists say that the satellite is going to fall / will fall to Earth some time this afternoon. (not ...the satellite is falling...) • when we talk about permanent future situations: • People are going to live / will live longer in the future, (not ...are living...) • The brothers are going to own / will own most of the buildings in the street before long. (not ...are owning...) • Her new house is going to have / will have three floors, (not ...is having...) • with the verb be: • John's going to be a shepherd in the school play next week, («of John's being...) • I'm going to be in Tokyo in May. (not I'm being in Tokyo...) We tend to avoid going to + go and use the present continuous form of go instead: • I'm going to town on Saturday, (rather than I'm going to go to town...) • Alice is going to university next year, (rather than ...is going to go to university...) Will and going to
UNIT EXERCISES 12. 1 These sentences refer to the future. Complete them with either going to or the present continuous hichever is correct or more likely using any appropriate verb. (B) I I cant go any further. I on that bench for a while 2 The game at two o clock tomorrow. I hope you can be there 3 The service here is very slow. to the manager if we're not served soon. 4 I have a right to be heard. and no-one me from putting my side of the argument. 5 The two leaders for talks later this afternoon 6 The bank has announced that it its interest rates by one per cent from tomorrow 7 Are my questions or not? 8 I have to get up early tomorrow. I a physics class at 8.00 in the morning 9 Before I apply for the job, I more information about it 10 brazil Colombia in todays final 12. 2 These sentences refer to the future. Correct them where necessary (with either present continuous or going to, )or put vifthey are already correct. (C& D) 2 There are going to be more of us at the picnic than we'd thought 8. 1 Unless aid arrives within the next few days, thousands are starvin 3 Im tired. I'm going to go to bed 4 ' I can't get to the match after all. That's a pity. Dave's being very disappointed 5 Clear the area! The bombs exploding 6 In future, the company is going to be known as ' Communications International 7 Ive redecorated the bedroom. Do you think Jane is liking it when she gets home? 8 Whether we like it or not, within a few years biotechnology is transforming every aspect of human life 9 It's not a deep cut, but it's leaving a scar 10 He is going to inherit his father's fortune 11 Nina is going to go to Switzerland next week on business. 12.3 Which of the three answers is wrong or very unlikely. What is the difference in meaning between the other two ?(A-Dand Unit 11B) 1 She thinks living away from home when he goes to University a Dan will enjoy b Dan is going to enjoy c Dan is enjoying 2 Im sorry, but I cant come for dinner. to york tonight a lll drive b I'm going to drive c Im driving 3 Did you know. a new car next week? b Im going to ge c Im getting 4 'Im going out now, Mum home too late Remember you,ve got to go to school tomorrow a you won t get b you arent going to get 管 c you arent getting
UNIT EXERCISES 12 12.1 These sentences refer to the future. Complete them with either going to or the present continuous, whichever is correct or more likely, using any appropriate verb. (B) 1 I can't go any further. I on that bench for a while. 2 The game at two o'clock tomorrow. I hope you can be there. 3 The service here is very slow. I to the manager if we're not served soon. 4 I have a right to be heard, and no-one me from putting my side of the argument. 5 The two leaders for talks later this afternoon. 6 The bank has announced that it its interest rates by one per cent from tomorrow. 7 Are you my questions or not? 8 I have to get up early tomorrow. I a physics class at 8.00 in the morning. 9 Before I apply for the job, I more information about it. 10 Brazil Colombia in today's final. 12.2 These sentences refer to the future. Correct them where necessary (with either present continuous or going to,) or put У if they are already correct. (C & D) 1 Unless aid arrives within the next few days, thousands are starving. 2 There are going to be more of us at the picnic than we'd thought. 3 I'm tired. I'm going to go to bed. 4 'I can't get to the match after all.' 'That's a pity. Dave's being very disappointed.' 5 Clear the area! The bomb's exploding. 6 In future, the company is going to be known as 'Communications International'. 7 I've redecorated the bedroom. Do you think Jane is liking it when she gets home? 8 Whether we like it or not, within a few years biotechnology is transforming every aspect of human life. 9 It's not a deep cut, but it's leaving a scar. 10 He is going to inherit his father's fortune. 11 Nina is going to go to Switzerland next week on business. 12.3 Which of the three answers is wrong or very unlikely. What is the difference in meaning between the other two? (A-D and Unit 11B) 1 She thinks living away from home when he goes to University. a Dan will enjoy b Dan is going to enjoy с Dan is enjoying 2 I'm sorry, but I can't come for dinner to York tonight. a I'll drive b I'm going to drive с I'm driving 3 Did you know a new car next week? a I'll get b I'm going to get с I'm getting 4 'I'm going out now, Mum.' 'Well, I hope home too late. Remember you've got to go to school tomorrow.' a you won't get b you aren't going to get с you aren't getting 25
t simple (i do for the fut le use the present simple when we talk about future events that are part of some OFFICIAL ARRANGEMENT such as a timetable or programme Their plane arrives at 2 o clock in the morning The next meeting of the committee is on November 5th We get off the train in Bristol and continue by bus Im away on holiday next week. Can we meet the week after? We often use wil infinitive in sentences like these with little difference in meaning, although the present simple suggests that the arrangement is fixed and definite(See also Unit 11C. i We don't use the present simple when we talk about PERSONAL PLANS or PREDICTIONS. Instead we use will, going to or the present continuous(see Units 1l and 12): T'm really exhausted. I'm just staying in to watch TVtonight.(not.I just stay in.) Although it is a problem only in Britain at the moment, I think it will affect the rest of Europe soon.(not. I think it affects the rest.) activity or event is part of an official arrangement such as a timetable or programme (see A/ However, we prefer the present simple if we can make a definite, specific prediction because There is a full moon tonight The sun rises at5.16 tomorrow We use the present simple to refer to the future, not will, in adverbial clauses introduced by time conjunctions such as after, before, when, and until: 0. After you go another 50 metres, you'll see a path to your left When you see Dennis, tell him he still owes me some money Wait here until I call you and in conditional clauses with if, unless, in case, and provided Let me know ifhe says anything interesting Provided the right software is available, I should be able to solve the problem I'll bring a compass in case we get lost. s We use the present simple in that- and wob-clauses when both the main clause and the that-/wh- clause refer to the future. We don t use will in the that-/wh-clause in this kind of sentence main clause I'm going to make sure (that) you are invited next time. (not you will be invited. I'll let you know when she gets here. (not.when she will get here.) When the main clause refers to the present, we normally use will, not the present simple, in the that-/wh-clause. However, if we are talking about a fixed arrangement we can use either will the present simple. Compare I guarantee that you'll enjoy the play. (not.you enjoy.) It is fortunate that they arrive at the same timetomorrow. (or... they will arrive.) Vb妇 enthat-clauses=国"45 Adverbials offme→國ws949 Conditionals→Ns99100
Presen t simpl e ( I do ) fo r th e futur e We use the present simple when we talk about future events that are part of some OFFICIAL ARRANGEMENT such as a timetable or programme: • Their plane arrives at 2 o'clock in the morning. • The next meeting of the committee is on November 5th. • We get off the train in Bristol and continue by bus. • I'm away on holiday next week. Can we meet the week after? We often use will + infinitive in sentences like these with little difference in meaning, although the present simple suggests that the arrangement is fixed and definite (See also Unit 11C). j D We don't use the present simple when we talk about PERSONAL PLANS or PREDICTIONS. Instead L we use will, going to, or the present continuous (see Units 11 and 12): • I'm really exhausted. I'm just staying in to watch TV tonight, (not ...I just stay in...) • Although it is a problem only in Britain at the moment, I think it will affect the rest of Europe soon, (not ...I think it affects the rest...) However, we prefer the present simple if we can make a definite, specific prediction because an activity or event is part of an official arrangement such as a timetable or programme (see A): • There is a full moon tonight. • The sun rises at 5.16 tomorrow. We use the present simple to refer to the future, not will, in adverbial clauses introduced by time conjunctions such as after, before, when, and until: О • After you go another 50 metres, you'll see a path to your left. • • When you see Dennis, tell him he still owes me some money. • Wait here until I call you. and in conditional clauses with if, unless, in case, and provided: • Let me know if he says anything interesting. • Provided the right software is available, I should be able to solve the problem. • I'll bring a compass in case we get lost. We use the present simple in that- and tf/j-clauses when both the main clause and the that- /wbclause refer to the future. We don't use will in the that-1 и^-clause in this kind of sentence: main clause I'm going to make sure I'll let you know that-1 wh-clause (that) you are invited next time, (not ...you will be invited...) when she gets here, (not ...when she will get here.) When the main clause refers to the present, we normally use will, not the present simple, in the that-1 wh-c\ause. However, if we are talking about a fixed arrangement we can use either will or the present simple. Compare: • I guarantee that you'll enjoy the play, (not ...you enjoy...) • It is fortunate that they arrive at the same time tomorrow, (or ...they will arrive...) Verb tense in that-clauses = Adverbials of time = Conditionals;