UNIT EXERCISES 8. 1 Complete the sentences with these verbs, using the same one for each sentence in the pair. Use the present perfect in one sentence and the present perfect continuous in the other.(A) I a An important b Plants and vegetables. from my garden since we had new neighbours 2 a dr Fletcher the same lecture to students for the last ten years. b Mr goldman. nearly a million pounds to the charity this year. 3 a with their win yesterday, Italy. into second place in the table b As house prices in the cities have risen, people into the countryside 4 a For years he that he is related to the royal family b The earthquake over 5000 lives 5 a All day, the police motorists to question them about the accident. b Good. the noise I can start concentrating on my work again 8.2 Choose the most appropriate sentence ending.(B) 1 Ive swum a an nd I feel exhausted 2 Ive been swimming b thirty lengths of the pool 3 They have asked me. a to visit them for ages, but Ive never had the time. 4 They have been asking me b to join the company on a number of occasions. 5 I have visited Vienna a three or four times before 6 I've been visiting vienna b since 1990 and I've always felt very safe here 7 We've stayed a at this hotel a couple of times before. 8 Weve been staying. b at a small hotel near the sea 8.3 Complete these sentences using the verb given. If possible, use the present perfect continuous, if not. uSe se the present perfect. Use A to add any words outside the space.(C) I Since they were very young, the children (enjoy) travelling by plane. s morn 3 Im pleased to say that the team play) well all season. 4 ne (understand) why we have to pay so much tax. (not read) any of Dickens novels 6 In recent years, Brazilian companies (put) a lot of money into developing advance echnolog 8. 4 Complete the sentences to describe the information in the graph. Use the verb given.(D) 1 Inflation 2 Industrial output. since $6 billion 3 The number of 4 Production of deaths from lung Semion cancer by (rise) (decline) 195019601970198019902000 17
EXERCISES 8.1 Complete the sentences with these verbs, using the same one for each sentence in the pair. Use the present perfect in one sentence and the present perfect continuous in the other. (A) UNIT 8 claim disappear give move stop 1 a An important file from my office. b Plants and vegetables from my garden since we had new neighbours. 2 a Dr Fletcher the same lecture to students for the last ten years. b Mr Goldman nearly a million pounds to the charity this year. 3 a With their win yesterday, Italy into second place in the table. b As house prices in the cities have risen, people into the countryside. 4 a For years he that he is related to the royal family. b The earthquake over 5000 lives. 5 a All day, the police motorists to question them about the accident. b Good, the noise I can start concentrating on my work again. 8.2 Choose the most appropriate sentence ending. (B) 1 I've swum... 2 I've been swimming... 3 They have asked me... 4 They have been asking me... 5 I have visited Vienna... 6 I've been visiting Vienna... 7 We've stayed... 8 We've been staying... a and I feel exhausted, b thirty lengths of the pool. a to visit them for ages, but I've never had the time, b to join the company on a number of occasions. a three or four times before, b since 1990 and I've always felt very safe here. a at this hotel a couple of times before, b at a small hotel near the sea. 8.3 Complete these sentences using the verb given. If possible, use the present perfect continuous; if not, use the present perfect. Use /, to add any words outside the space. (C) 1 Since they were very young, the children (enjoy) travelling by plane. 2 It (snow) heavily since this morning. 3 I'm pleased to say that the team (play) well all season. 4 I never (understand) why we have to pay so much tax. 5 I (not read) any of Dickens' novels. 6 In recent years, Brazilian companies (put) a lot of money into developing advanced technology. 8-4 Complete the sentences to describe the information in the graph. Use the verb given. (D) 1 Inflation since (fall) The number of deaths from lung cancer since (rise) 3 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 Industrial output from . in . to today, (grow) 4 Production of wool by since (decline) Fonnes of woo produced $3 million $2 million 1985 no П w 17
9 Past perTecT (I nau uone anu pasI Slllple did) A We use the past perfect to talk about a past situation or activity that took place before another past situation or activity, or before a particular time in the past Jo discovered that Leslie had lied to her As Mary shook Mr Morgans hand, she realised she had seen him before Leslie discovered ary saw Mary n0铲 Mr Morgan We use the past simple rather than the past perfect when we simply talk about a single activity or eventin the past I handed the letter to him orry we're late, we took the wrong turning otice the difference in meaning of these sentences with the past perfect and past simple When he stopped laughing, everyone left. ( they left after he stopped laughing) When he stopped laughing, everyone had left.(= they left before he stopped laughing) I got up when the phone rang. (= the phone rang and then I got up I had gone to bed when the phone rang.(= I went to bed and then the phone rang) When we give an account of a sequence Study the use of of past events, we usually put these the past perfect Don Jose was a wealthy Cuban events in chronological order with the and past simple landowner who emigrated to Mexico in past simple. If we want to refer to an in this tex 959. The agricultural reforms ha event out of order-that is, it happened again in 1965 and made his home in the before the last event we have talked United States. He had made his fortune about-we use the present perfect in growing sugar cane, and he brought s expertise to his new home. Order of events 1 made fortune 2 reforms began 3 emigrated to Mexico 4 moved to US Order of account I emigrated to Mexico 2 reforms had begun(out of order) 3 moved to Us 4 had made fortune (out of order We use the past perfect when we say what we wanted or hoped(etc )to do, but didn't ad wanted to visit the gallery before I left Florence, but it's closed on Sundays Bill had hoped to retire at 60, but they persuaded him to stay on for a few more years (to), think(about + -ing) When we use a time expression(e.g. after, as soon as, before by the time( that), when) to say that one event happened after another, we use either the past simple or past perfect for the event that happened first and the past simple for the event that happened second: After Ivan(had)finished reading, he put out the light When Carol (had) brushed her teeth, she went to bed But to emphasise that the second event is the result of the first, we prefer the past simple for both She became famous after she appeared on the Tv programme When the teacher came in, all the children stood up With already and just(= a very short time before) we use the past perfect, not the past simple The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema She had just stepped into her office when the telephone rang Pesertperfectampestsmp知→w35 Pastoantiruausampestsmpk→N6 Pastperfectamfruausanpastpefed=UNIT 10 Adverbials oftime=UNIS 94,95
rasi регтест (i паа аопе; anu pasi (I did) We use the past perfect to talk about a past situation or activity that took place before another past situation or activity, or before a particular time in the past: • Jo discovered that Leslie had lied to her. -<—past -I 1 1 - Leslie lied Jo discovered As Mary shook Mr Morgan's hand, she realised she had seen him before. 4- Mary saw Mr Morgan 4- . past Mary realised We use the past simple rather than the past perfect when we simply talk about a single activity or «event in the past: • • I handed the letter to him. • Sorry we're late, we took the wrong turning. Notice the difference in meaning of these sentences with the past perfect and past simple: • When he stopped laughing, everyone left. (= they left after he stopped laughing) • When he stopped laughing, everyone had left. (= they left before he stopped laughing) • I got up when the phone rang. (= the phone rang and then I got up) • I had gone to bed when the phone rang. (= I went to bed and then the phone rang) When we give an account of a sequence of past events, we usually put these events in chronological order with the past simple. If we want to refer to an event out of order - that is, it happened before the last event we have talked about - we use the present perfect. Study the use of the past perfect and past simple in this text: Don Jose was a wealthy Cuban landowner who emigrated to Mexico in 1959. The agricultural reforms had begun a few months earlier. He moved again in 1965 and made his home in the United States. He had made his fortune in growing sugar cane, and he brought his expertise to his new home. Order of events 1 made fortune 2 reforms began 3 emigrated to Mexico 4 moved to US Order of account 1 emigrated to Mexico 2 reforms had begun {out of order) 3 moved to US 4 had made fortune (out of order) We use the past perfect when we say what we wanted or hoped (etc.) to do, but didn't: • I had wanted to visit the gallery before I left Florence, but it's closed on Sundays. • Bill had hoped to retire at 60, but they persuaded him to stay on for a few more years. Other verbs used like this include expect (to), mean (to), think (about + -ing). When we use a time expression (e.g. after, as soon as, before, by the time (that), when) to say that one event happened after another, we use either the past simple or past perfect for the event that happened first and the past simple for the event that happened second: • After Ivan (had) finished reading, he put out the light. • When Carol (had) brushed her teeth, she went to bed. But to emphasise that the second event is the result of the first, we prefer the past simple for both: • She became famous after she appeared on the TV programme. • When the teacher came in, all the children stood up. With already and just (= a very short time before) we use the past perfect, not the past simple: • The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema. • She had just stepped into her office when the telephone rang. Present perfect and past simple = Past perfect continuous and past perfect = Past continuous and past simple = Adverbials of time
EXERCISES 9. 1 Underline the correct answer.(A) I Alice felt very pleased with herself. She had found/ found what she was looking for 2Where are we? ' had asked/ asked Martha 3 By the time I got back to the bathroom, the bath had overflowed /overflowed. 4 She walked into the station only to find that the train had left/ leff 5 I was just about to leave when I had remembered / remembered my briefcase 6 My sister told me that Joe had died/died. 7 He had looked /looked at his watch again and began to walk even faster. 8 In a surprise move the Prime minister had resigned resigned last night. 9.2 These things happened in the order given in brackets(e.g. in 1, most people went home and ometime after that, I got to the party). Write sentences using this information beginning with the words given. Use either the past simple or the past perfect. (A) I(most people went home /I got to the party) By the time 2( Glen opened the book /some pages fell out)when 3(the fox disappeared /we went back to look for it)When 4(she picked up her bag/the handle broke)When 9.3 Expand one of these sets of notes using the past perfect to begin each sentence. (C) She/not expect/see David again I/hope for/relaxing day I/ mean/to call/ parents He/think- about: /-fly-/-to-. She /want to/leave /meeting early 1. He had thought about Aying. to Robut all the flights were booked up 2345 but I couldnt find a phone box so she was delighted when they met at the conference but she felt that she ought to stay to find out what was decided but instead my cousin and her five children 9.4 Use these pairs of verbs to complete the sentences. Choose the past perfect where possible turn/caught come/start eat/pick check/go type/ give collapse/phone 1 After Michael the letter, it to Kay to sign. 2 When she into the hall, everyone. cheering 3 When jenny that the children were asleep, she out to the concert the ignition key, the engine. 5 When Norma for an ambulance 6 After they all the food, they up their bags and left 9.5 Here is an extract from a newspaper article about a missing boy(roy)and his father (Neil) Decide why the past perfect was used in each case.(B) Neil said that Roy, who used to enjoy with Neil; Neil believed Roy had stayed riding with him on his bike. followed him behind. It was only some hours later, when as he set off. He told the child to go back Neil returned, that they realised Roy had to his mother, and rode away. Meanwhile, vanished Roy's mother thought that Roy had gone
UNIT EXERCISES 9.1 Underline the correct answer. (A) 1 Alice felt very pleased with herself. She had found I found what she was looking for. 2 'Where are we?' had asked I asked Martha. 3 By the time I got back to the bathroom, the bath had overflowed I overflowed. 4 She walked into the station only to find that the train had left I left. 5 I was just about to leave when I had remembered I remembered my briefcase. 6 My sister told me that Joe had died I died. 7 He had looked I looked at his watch again and began to walk even faster. 8 In a surprise move, the Prime Minister had resigned I resigned last night. 9.2 These things happened in the order given in brackets (e.g. in 1, most people went home and, sometime after that, I got to the party). Write sentences using this information beginning with the words given. Use either the past simple or the past perfect. (A) 1 (most people went home /1 got to the party) By the time... 2 (Glen opened the book / some pages fell out) WHen... 3 (the fox disappeared/ we went back to look for it) When... 4 (she picked up her bag/ the handle broke) When... I / hope for / relaxing day I / mean / to call / parents She / want to / leave / meeting early 9.3 Expand one of these sets of notes using the past perfect to begin each sentence. (C) She / not expect / see David again He / think about / fly / to Rome 1 ...He ИлА .$.<wg№ .фыЪ№щ.ЬКте, л but all the flights were booked up. 2 , but I couldn't find a phone box. 3 , so she was delighted when they met at the conference. 4 , but she felt that she ought to stay to find out what was decided. 5 , but instead my cousin and her five children arrived unexpectedly. 9.4 Use these pairs of verbs to complete the sentences. Choose the past perfect where possible; otherwise, use the past simple. (D) turn/caught come/start eat/pick check/go type/give collapse/phone 1 After Michael the letter, he it to Kay to sign. 2 When she into the hall, everyone cheering. 3 When Jenny that the children were asleep, she out to the concert. 4 As soon as I the ignition key, the engine fire. 5 When Norma , I for an ambulance. 6 After they all the food, they up their bags and left. 9.5 Here is an extract from a newspaper article about a missing boy (Roy) and his father (Neil). Decide why the past perfect was used in each case. (B) ...Neil said that Roy, who used to enjoy riding with him on his bike, followed him as he set off. He told the child to go back to his mother, and rode away. Meanwhile, Roy's mother thought that Roy had gone with Neil; Neil believed Roy had stayed behind. It was only some hours later, when Neil returned, that they realised Roy had vanished.... 19
UNIT iSt pertect conunuous (i naa peen going and 10 past perfect had done) Study these sentences with the past perfect continuous They had been expecting the news for some time She had been wearing high-heeled shoes, and her feet hurt Mason was arrested, even though he hadnt been doing anything illegal. We use the past perfect continuous when we talk about a situation or activity that happened over a period up to a particular past time, or until shortly before it. Compare how the past perfect continuous and the past perfect are used She had been sufFering from flu when she She had suffered from asthma when she as interviewed was very young Id been finishing some work in the Id finished all my work, so I had very little garden and hadn't seen Sue come home to do Bill had been saving since Christmas to Bill had saved enough money to buy the buy a new bike bike he wanted 9 We use the past perfect continuous we talk about the continuity or duration of a situation s or activity, and the past perfect to bout the completion of a situation or activity or its effects. Sometimes the difference between them is simply one of emphasis(see also Unit 8A) I'd been working hard, so I felt that I deserved aholiday. (emphasises the activity) Id worked hard, and the report was now finished, (emphasises the result) If we talk about how long something went on up to a particular past time, we prefer the past perfect continuous. If we talk about how many times something happened in a period up to a They had been travelling for about 36 hours. (rather than They had travelled.) We had been looking at the painting for about ten minutes before we realised who the artist was.(rather than We had looked.) I'd heard the symphony many timesbefore. (not I'd been hearing.) The teacher had let them get away with their bad behaviour once toooften.(not.had been letting them.) However, some verbs that describe states(see Unit 2A)are not often used with continuous tenses, and we use the past perfect with these even when we are talking about how long something went on up to a particular past time: I had always believed that it would be easy to get a job. (not I had always been believing We had owned the car for 6 months before we discovered it wasstolen. (not We had beer owning…) Compare the use of the past perfect continuous and past continuous When we met Simon and Pat, they had been riding.(= we met after they had finished) When we met Simon and Pat, they were riding.(= we met while they were riding) When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof. ( it was no longer leaking when I got there) When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. ( it was leaking when I got there) PesantperfectcontinuOus UNITS 7, 8 Pastperfectadpastsmple= UNIT 9
регтест conunuous (i naa oeen aomg) ana past perfect (I had done) Study these sentences with the past perfect continuous: • They had been expecting the news for some time. • She had been wearing high-heeled shoes, and her feet hurt. • Mason was arrested, even though he hadn't been doing anything illegal. We use the past perfect continuous when we talk about a situation or activity that happened over a period up to a particular past time, or until shortly before it. D Compare how the past perfect continuous and the past perfect are used: • She had been suffering from flu when she was interviewed. • I'd been finishing some work in the garden and hadn't seen Sue come home. • Bill had been saving since Christmas to buy a new bike. • She had suffered from asthma when she was very young. • I'd finished all my work, so I had very little to do. • Bill had saved enough money to buy the bike he wanted. У We use the past perfect continuous when we talk about the continuity or duration of a situation * or activity, and the past perfect to talk about the completion of a situation or activity or its effects. Sometimes the difference between them is simply one of emphasis (see also Unit 8A): • I'd been working hard, so I felt that I deserved a holiday, (emphasises the activity) • I'd worked hard, and the report was now finished, (emphasises the result) If we talk about how long something went on up to a particular past time, we prefer the past perfect continuous. If we talk about how many times something happened in a period up to a particular past time, we use the past perfect: • They had been travelling for about 36 hours, (rather than They had travelled...) • We had been looking at the painting for about ten minutes before we realised who the artist was. (rather than We had looked...) • I'd heard the symphony many times before, (not I'd been hearing...) • The teacher had let them get away with their bad behaviour once too often, (not ...had been letting them...) However, some verbs that describe states (see Unit 2A) are not often used with continuous tenses, and we use the past perfect with these even when we are talking about how long something went on up to a particular past time: • I had always believed that it would be easy to get a job. (not I had always been believing...) • We had owned the car for 6 months before we discovered it was stolen, (not We had been owning...) Compare the use of the past perfect continuous and past continuous: • When we met Simon and Pat, they had been riding. (= we met after they had finished) • When we met Simon and Pat, they were riding. (= we met while they were riding) • When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof. (= it was no longer leaking when I got there) • When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. (= it was leaking when I got there) Present perfect continuous; Past perfect and past simple =
UNT EXERCISES 10.1 Complete these sentences using one of the following. Use the past perfect continuous. (You will need to use a negative verb form in some cases. )(A) ay/bills stay/friends smoke/cigar try / to steal/car attend /classes cycle/quite fast I She returned to the house where she. had. been staying with friends 2 Sue until she reached the hill 3 By the smell in the room and his guilty expression I could tell that Alex 4 The principal called Carmen into his office because she 5 I had to give Peter some money when I found out that he 6 He told the police that he He said he thought it belonged to his brother. 10.2 Complete the sentences with appropriate verbs, using the same one for each sentence in the pair. Use the past perfect continuous ifit is possible; if not, use the past perfect.(B) 1 a She took a bottle from the bag she all the way from home b The avalanche them 500 metres down the mountain but no-one was hurt 2 a we for visas well before our departure date, but still hadnt heard anything the day we were due to leave for jobs, without success, since leaving university 3 a he all the way from New York to b When the plane was diverted, it from london to frankfurt 4 a she for the same company since she qualified. b He finally his way up from the shop floor to a management position Look again at the sentences where you have used the past perfect continuous. In which is the past perfect also possible ?(Also, study Unit 9 and decide when you could use the past simple instead of the past perfect in these sentences. HO3 Choose the past perfect continuous form ofthe verb ifappropriate. Ifnot, use the past perfect. (C) from cancer for some time.(suffe the view many times before, but it never failed to impress me.(see) 3 The opposing sides in the war since the president was overthrown ( fight) Megan since we were at school together. (know 5 For years we about buying new carpets, and last weekend we finally went out d ordered some. (talk) 6 My car was once again in the garage for repairs. This was the third time it. got it.(break down 7 Before now we on where to go on holiday.(always agree) HO.4 Can you explain the difference between these pairs of sentences?(B D) I a when I last went to Moscow, they had renovated St Basil,s Cathedral b When I last went to Moscow, they had been renovating st basils Cathedral 2 a Although she tried to hide her face, I b Although she tried to hide her face, I could see that Clara had been crying
10.1 EXERCISES Complete these sentences using one of the following. Use the past perfect continuous. (You will need to use a negative verb form in some cases.) (A) UNIT 10 pay / bills stay / friends smoke / cigar try / to steal / car attend / classes cycle / quite fast 1 She returned to the house where she . 2 Sue until she reached the hill. 3 By the smell in the room and his guilty expression I could tell that Alex 4 The principal called Carmen into his office because she 5 I had to give Peter some money when I found out that he 6 He told the police that he He said he thought it belonged to his brother. Ю.2 Complete the sentences with appropriate verbs, using the same one for each sentence in the pair. Use the past perfect continuous if it is possible; if not, use the past perfect. (B) 1 a She took a bottle from the bag she all the way from home. b The avalanche them 500 metres down the mountain but no-one was hurt. 2 a We for visas well before our departure date, but still hadn't heard anything by the day we were due to leave, b She for jobs, without success, since leaving university. 3 a He all the way from New York to see me. b When the plane was diverted, it from London to Frankfurt. 4 a She for the same company since she qualified. b He finally his way up from the shop floor to a management position. Look again at the sentences where you have used the past perfect continuous. In which is the past perfect also possible? (Also, study Unit 9 and decide when you could use the past simple instead of the past perfect in these sentences.) Ю.З Choose the past perfect continuous form of the verb if appropriate. If not, use the past perfect. (C) 1 Andrew died last week. He from cancer for some time, (suffer) 2 I the view many times before, but it never failed to impress me. (see) 3 The opposing sides in the war since the president was overthrown, (fight) 4 I Megan since we were at school together, (know) 5 For years we about buying new carpets, and last weekend we finally went out and ordered some, (talk) 6 My car was once again in the garage for repairs. This was the third time it since I got it. (break down) 7 Before now we on where to go on holiday, (always agree) Ю.4 Can you explain the difference between these pairs of sentences? (B & D) 1 a When I last went to Moscow, they had renovated St Basil's Cathedral, b When I last went to Moscow, they had been renovating St Basil's Cathedral. 2 a Although she tried to hide her face, I could see that Clara was crying, b Although she tried to hide her face, I could see that Clara had been crying. 21