INJECTCYTOPLASMINJECTCYTOPLASMspindleeasilyFROMM-PHASEFROMINTERPHASEdetectedatCELLCELLcell surfacenucleusVTOOCYTEISOOCYTEDRIVENINTOREMAINSMPHASEING2PHASE(A)(B)(注射实验表明:在成熟卵细胞的细胞质中,含有诱导卵母细胞成熟的因子,称做MPF。)(MasuiandMarkert'sexperiments(J.Exp.Zool.177:142,1971)What's the role of hormone?Trigger protein synthesis补充:有学者研究MPF活性与细胞周期之间的有一定的关系。1979,MPFactivityundergoes dramatin fluctuationsincleavingeggs thatcorrelatewithchanges inthecellcycle.MitosisMitosisMitosisInterphaseInterphaseInterphaseMPFactivityHighLow那其中的原因是什么呢,还是不知道。前面第一批学者,用细胞融合提出促有丝分裂因子的概念,第二批学者,用爪蟾卵母细胞成熟过程提出了促成熟因子的概念,那么第三批学者有哪些进展呢?(1)Nurse found cdc2Inthemid-197Osasapostdoc studyingthefissionyeast裂殖酵母S.pombe稷酒Dividebeforetheyhadreachedfullsize:Mutants-wee:Weel,wee2(获得的温度敏感型的突变株:例如20多度的时候它可以生长,当升高温度到40度时,就不生长了)The wee2 gene was later renamed cell division cycle 2(CDC2)研究发现,当突变株的酵母细胞长的不是足够大的情况下(与野生型相比),就开始分裂增殖,因此就将其称为wee突变,Weel,wee2;后来发现wee2基因,恰好跟细胞增殖的
(注射实验表明:在成熟卵细胞的细胞质中,含有诱导卵母细胞成熟的因子,称做 MPF。)(Masui and Markert’s experiments(J. Exp. Zool. 177:142,1971) What’s the role of hormone? Trigger protein synthesis 补充:有学者研究 MPF 活性与细胞周期之间的有一定的关系。 1979,MPF activity undergoes dramatin fluctuations in cleaving eggs that correlate with changes in the cell cycle. 那其中的原因是什么呢,还是不知道。前面第一批学者,用细胞融合提出促有丝分裂因 子的概念,第二批学者,用爪蟾卵母细胞成熟过程提出了促成熟因子的概念,那么第三 批学者有哪些进展呢? ⑴Nurse found cdc2 In the mid-1970s as a postdoc studying the fission yeast 裂殖酵母 S.pombe 稷酒 Divide before they had reached full size:Mutants-wee: Wee1, wee2(获得的温度 敏感型的突变株;例如 20 多度的时候它可以生长,当升高温度到 40 度时,就不生长 了) The wee2 gene was later renamed cell division cycle 2(CDC2) 研究发现,当突变株的酵母细胞长的不是足够大的情况下(与野生型相比),就开始分裂 增殖,因此就将其称为 wee 突变,Wee1, wee2;后来发现 wee2 基因,恰好跟细胞增殖的
大小有关系,后来将其重新命名为细胞分裂周期2基因,celldivisioncycle2,简称CDC2.cdc2Dcde2Normal(如果将cdc2过表达,则发现,酵母细胞进行分裂增殖,而且比正常细胞明显小很多:如果将cdc2基因缺失,发现酵母已经长到正常的二倍大小了,但是居然刚刚进入分裂增殖)(结果分析:酵母从间期进入M期的时间明显发生改变)后来发现cdc2encodesaproteinkinasewith34KDwhoseactivityisrequiredforcellstoenterMphase(p34cde2),它是细胞进入M期所必须的。Nobel knighi,SinPaul Nunwe(2)Hartwellfoundcdc28In 1982, Nurse and his colleagues found that CDC2 was identical in function to CDC288from也与buddingyeast芽殖酵母,S.cerevisiae啤酒,麦酒在芽殖酵母中有一个基因是CDC28,细胞增殖有关系,也能让酵母细胞从G2期进入M期,与cdc2是同源的,也是促进细胞周期运转的一个激酶
大小有关系,后来将其重新命名为细胞分裂周期 2 基因,cell division cycle 2,简称 CDC2. (如果将 cdc2 过表达,则发现,酵母细胞进行分裂增殖,而且比正常细胞明显小很多;如 果将 cdc2 基因缺失,发现酵母已经长到正常的二倍大小了,但是居然刚刚进入分裂增殖) (结果分析:酵母从间期进入 M 期的时间明显发生改变) 后来发现 cdc2 encodes a protein kinase with 34KD whose activity is required for cells to enter M phase(p34cdc2),它是细胞进入 M 期所必须的。 ⑵Hartwell found cdc28 In 1982, Nurse and his colleagues found that CDC2 was identical in function to CDC28 from budding yeast 芽殖酵母, S. cerevisiae 啤酒,麦酒;在芽殖酵母中有一个基因是 CDC28,也与 细胞增殖有关系,也能让酵母细胞从 G2 期进入 M 期,与 cdc2 是同源的,也是促进细胞 周期运转的一个激酶
Fother ef the cell ayclLeeHodellTransformwithplasmid libraryof wild-typecdc28mS,cerevisiaeDNAcellsTransformedgrownGene Xcdc28tcellsat25"Cgrownat35*CGeneYNo colonyformationCDsolateplasmidCells in colonyatvarious cell-cyclestaoes(cdc28如何分离?获得了一些温度敏感突变株;分离相关功能的基因:提取野生型酵母的RNA→反转录成cDNA(complementary)→重组到载体上→构建cDNA文库→将重组载体转染突变型的酵母细胞,如果重组的基因对突变型的酵母细胞没有修复作用,则不能长出克隆,如果能长出克隆,说明此基因与酵母增殖有关则可以分离、测序;(3)TimHuntfoundcyclinin1983When thegel wasdeveloped onFriday 23 July 1982,Ifoundthat thestrongest band early on suddenly got very much weaker at about thetimewhen the eggs were about todivide intwo.Thiswas astunning,startingdiscovery."用海胆卵细胞为材料,受精以后,用35s标记的一个氨基酸作为蛋白质合成的前体,与海胆的受精卵孵育,不同时间点取样,电泳,进行放射性显影,结果发现,原来
(cdc28 如何分离?获得了一些温度敏感突变株;分离相关功能的基因:提取野生型酵母 的 RNA→反转录成 cDNA(complementary)→重组到载体上→构建 cDNA 文库→将重组载体 转染突变型的酵母细胞,如果重组的基因对突变型的酵母细胞没有修复作用,则不能长出 克隆,如果能长出克隆,说明此基因与酵母增殖有关则可以分离、测序; ⑶Tim Hunt found cyclin in 1983 When the gel was developed on Friday 23 July 1982, I found that the strongest band early on suddenly got very much weaker at about the time when the eggs were about to divide in two. This was a stunning, starting discovery.” 用海胆卵细胞为材料,受精以后,用 35S 标记的一个氨基酸作为蛋白质合成的前 体,与海胆的受精卵孵育,不同时间点取样,电泳,进行放射性显影,结果发现,原来
有些亮度较强的带,在某些时间点变弱了,说明卵裂过程中的蛋白质是周期性的出现与消失,因此就成这种蛋白为周期蛋白(cyclin)35S-Met:Fertilizedeggs日From Timand hiscolleagues16min60min80min120irterphasemitosisioterphasemitosiRAPCyelinAcyclin8ribonucleotidereductase(MPF随Cyclin浓度变化而变化))ribonucleotidereductase核(糖核)苷酸还原酶(cyclin:in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division)(EvansT,RosenthalET,YoungblomJetal.Cyclin:aproteinspecifiedbymaternal mRNAin sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at eachcleavagedivision.Cell,1983,33(2):389-96.)
有些亮度较强的带,在某些时间点变弱了,说明卵裂过程中的蛋白质是周期性的出现与 消失,因此就成这种蛋白为周期蛋白(cyclin) (MPF 随 Cyclin 浓度变化而变化))ribonucleotide reductase 核(糖核)苷酸还原 酶 (cyclin:in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division) (Evans T, Rosenthal E T, Youngblom J et al. Cyclin: a protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division. Cell, 1983, 33(2): 389-96.)