现代计算机系统的抽象层次 Application Algorithm Programming Language Parallel Operating system/virtual machine computing Original security, domain of Instruction Set Architecture(ISA) Domain the computer recent architect Microarchitecture computer (50s-80s)Gates/Register-Transfer Level(RTLIarchitecture (90s) Circuits Reliability Devices power,,… Physics Reinvigoration of computer architecture mid-2000s onward 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 20
1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 20 现代计算机系统的抽象层次 Algorithm Gates/Register-Transfer Level (RTL) Application Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Operating System/Virtual Machine Microarchitecture Devices Programming Language Circuits Physics Original domain of the computer architect (‘50s-’80s) Domain of recent computer architecture (‘90s) Reliability, power, … Parallel computing, security, … Reinvigoration of computer architecture, mid-2000s onward
计算机体系结构的定义(续) ·过去的观点: Instruction Set Architecture(Isa) design 即体系结构设计需要关注并确定: )registers, memory addressing addressing modes, instruction operands, available operations, control flow instructions, instruction encoding 目前的观点: 根据目标机器的特定需求,在成本、功耗、可用性等 约束下最大化机器性能 包括sA, microarchitecture, hardware 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学
计算机体系结构的定义(续) • 过去的观点: – Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) design – 即 体系结构设计需要关注并确定: »registers, memory addressing, addressing modes, instruction operands, available operations, control flow instructions, instruction encoding • 目前的观点: – 根据目标机器的特定需求,在成本、功耗、可用性等 约束下最大化机器性能 – 包括 ISA, microarchitecture, hardware 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 12
ISA: a Critical Interface software instruction set Fp hardware 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学
1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 22 instruction set software hardware ISA: a Critical Interface
ISA需说明的主要内容 Memory addressing Addressing modes Types and sizes of operands Operations Control flow instructions Encoding an isa 优秀的A所具有的特征 可持续用于很多代机器上( portability) 可以适用于多个领域( generality) 对上层提供方便的功能( convenient functionality) 可以由下层有效地实现( efficient implementation 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学
1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 23 ISA需说明的主要内容 • Memory addressing • Addressing modes • Types and sizes of operands • Operations • Control flow instructions • Encoding an ISA • …… • 优秀的ISA所具有的特征 – 可持续用于很多代机器 上(portability) – 可以适用于多个领域(generality) – 对上层提供方便的功能(convenient functionality) – 可以由下层有效地实现(efficient implementation )
指令集结构举例 Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 199297 HP PA-RISc ( v1.1, V2.0) 1986-96 Sun Sparc ( v8, v9 1987-95 SGI MIPS( MIPS L,叫Ⅳv,v)1986-96 nte(808680286,80386, 197896 80486, Pentium, MMX,.) 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学
1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 24 • Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992-97 • HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986-96 • Sun Sparc (v8, v9) 1987-95 • SGI MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986-96 • Intel(8086,80286,80386, 1978-96 80486,Pentium, MMX, ...) 指令集结构举例