NeW“ great ideas Software■ Hardware Parallel Requests Warehouse Smart Assigned to computer Scale Phone eg, Search“Katz Computer Leverage · Paral| el threads Para∥ elisa& Assigned to core Achieve High e.g,Lookup, Ads Performance Computer · Paralllel Instructions >1 instruction one tir Core Core e.g., 5 pipelined instructions Tory Parallel data >1 data item@ one time Input/Output Core e.g.,Add of 4 pairs of words nstruction Unit(s) Functional Hardware Descriptions Unit(s) All gates functioning in parallel at same time Ao+Bo/A1+B, A2+B2/A3+B3 biplate! Programming languages Cache Memory Logic Gates 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 15
Core … Core Memory Input/Output Computer New “Great Ideas” • Parallel Requests Assigned to computer e.g., Search “Katz” • Parallel Threads Assigned to core e.g., Lookup, Ads • Parallel Instructions >1 instruction @ one time e.g., 5 pipelined instructions • Parallel Data >1 data item @ one time e.g., Add of 4 pairs of words • Hardware Descriptions All gates functioning in parallel at same time • Programming Languages 1/30/2021 15 Smart Phone Warehouse Scale Computer Software Hardware Leverage Parallelism & Achieve High Performance Logic Gates Cache Memory Core Instruction Unit(s) Functional Unit(s) A0+B0 A1+B1 A2+B2 A3+B3 中国科学技术大学
计算机的分类 个人移动设备PMD) smart phones tablet com puters 1 billion sold/year Market dominated by ARM-ISA-com patible general-purpose processor in system-on-a-chip Soc) Plus sea of custom accelerators(radio, image, video, graphics, audio, motion, location, security, etc.) Em phasis on energy efficiency and real-time 桌面计算( Desktop Computing) Em phasis on price-performance 服务器( Servers) Emphasis on availability, scalability, throughput 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学
计算机的分类 • 个人移动设备 (PMD) – smart phones, tablet computers – >1 billion sold/year – Market dominated by ARM-ISA-compatible general-purpose processor in system-on-a-chip (SoC) – Plus sea of custom accelerators (radio, image, video, graphics, audio, motion, location, security, etc.) – Emphasis on energy efficiency and real-time • 桌面计算（Desktop Computing） – Emphasis on price-performance • 服务器（Servers） – Emphasis on availability, scalability, throughput 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 16
计算机的分类(续) ·集群仓储级计算机( Clusters/ Warehouse scale Computers) 100,000s cores per warehouse Market dominated by x86-compatible server chips Dedicated apps, plus cloud hosting of virtual machines Starting to see some GPU usage, but mostly general- purpose CPU code Used for“ Software as a service(SaaS)” Sub-class: Supercomputers, em phasis: floating-point performance and fast internal networks Em phasis on availability and price-performance 嵌入式计算机( Embedded Computers) Wired/wireless network infrastructure, printers Consumer Tv/Music/Games/Automotive camera/MP3 Emphasis: price 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学
计算机的分类（续） • 集群/仓储级计算机（Clusters / Warehouse Scale Computers） – 100,000’s cores per warehouse – Market dominated by x86-compatible server chips – Dedicated apps, plus cloud hosting of virtual machines – Starting to see some GPU usage, but mostly generalpurpose CPU code – Used for “Software as a Service (SaaS)” – Sub-class: Supercomputers, emphasis: floating-point performance and fast internal networks – Emphasis on availability and price-performance • 嵌入式计算机（Embedded Computers） – Wired/wireless network infrastructure, printers – Consumer TV/Music/Games/Automotive/Camera/MP3 – Emphasis: price 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 17
计算机体系结构的定义 Old Definition the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls, the logic design, and the physical implementation Amdahl blaauw and Brooks, 1964 Today, this is known as Instruction-Set Architecture 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 18
1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 18 计算机体系结构的定义 Old Definition： ... the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls ，the logic design, and the physical implementation. – Amdahl, Blaauw, and Brooks, 1964 Today, this is known as Instruction-Set Architecture
计算机体系结构的定义? Application Gap too large to bridge In one step (but there are exceptions, e.g magnetic compass) Physics 广义的定义:计算机体系结构研究如何设计、组织,以及使用 可用的生产技术实现一个计算系统,该计算系统可有效地执行 软件应用,满足价格、功耗和性能约束 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学 19
计算机体系结构的定义？ 19 Application Physics Gap too large to bridge in one step 广义的定义：计算机体系结构研究如何 设计、组织，以及使用 可用的生产技术实现一个计算系统，该计算系统可有效地执行 软件应用，满足价格、功耗和性能约束 (but there are exceptions, e.g. magnetic compass) 1/30/2021 中国科学技术大学