ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter l 1.12 The structure of methane and Ethane: sp3 Hybridization Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 1 1.12 The Structure of Methane and Ethane: sp3 Hybridization
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter l 1 12A The structure of methane o sp hybridization The 4 sp orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5 with respect to each other o An sp'-Hybridized carbon gives a tetrahedral structure for methane, and with four equivalent ch bonds H H H Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 1 1.12A The Structure of Methane sp3 Hybridization The 4 sp3 orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5° with respect to each other. An sp3-Hybridized carbon gives a tetrahedral structure for methane, and with four equivalent C—H bonds. C H H H H
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter l 1. 12B The Structure of ethane o sp3-Hybridized carbon atoms g I carbon-carbon o-bond and 6 carbon-hydrogen o- ds onas o Because a o-bond has cylindrical symmetry along the bond axis, rotation of groups joined by a single bond does not usually require a large amount of energy(13 26 kJ/mol). Consequently, groups joined by single bonds rotate relatively freely with respect to one another H H He H H Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 1 1.12B The Structure of Ethane sp3-Hybridized carbon atoms 1 carbon-carbon σ-bond and 6 carbon-hydrogen σ- bonds. Because a σ-bond has cylindrical symmetry along the bond axis, rotation of groups joined by a single bond does not usually require a large amount of energy (13- 26 kJ/mol). Consequently, groups joined by single bonds rotate relatively freely with respect to one another. C H H H C H H H
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter l 1.13 The Structure of ethene (Ethylene): sp2 Hybridization Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 1 1.13 The Structure of Ethene (Ethylene): sp2 Hybridization
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter l p Orbital o sp2-Hybridization Orbital o The three sp orbitals that result from hybridization are directed toward the corners of a regular triangle (with angles of 1200 between them). The p orbital that is not hybridized is perpendicular to the triangle formed by the hybrid spd orbitals 5σ- bonds(1CC,4C-H)andlπ-bond 9 Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain a carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 1 sp2-Hybridization. The three sp2 orbitals that result from hybridization are directed toward the corners of a regular triangle (with angles of 120° between them). The p orbital that is not hybridized is perpendicular to the triangle formed by the hybrid sp2 orbitals. 5 σ-bonds(1 C—C, 4 C—H) and 1 π-bond. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain a carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. C p Orbital sp2 Orbital