GNU Tools 简介 GCC GNU binutils Gdb—调试器 GNU make——软件工程工具 GNU ld——链接器

1 I/O Hardware and I/O control methods Polling (轮询方式) Interrupts (中断方式) Direct Memory Access (DMA方式) I/O hardware summary 2 Application I/O Interface Block and Character Devices Network Devices Clocks and Timers Blocking (阻塞) and Nonblocking (非阻塞) I/O 3 Kernel I/O Subsystem I/O Scheduling Buffering (缓冲机制) Caching, Spooling & device reservation Error Handling I/O Protection Kernel Data Structures 4 Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations 5 Performance

Overview of Mass Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Scheduling (磁盘调度) Disk Management Swap-Space Management RAID (磁盘阵列) Structure

File-System Structure FS Implementation Directory Implementation Allocation Methods (分配方法) Free-Space Management Efficiency (空间) and Performance (时间) Recovery Log Structured File Systems

File Concept Access Methods (访问方式) Directory Structure (目录结构) File System Mounting (文件系统挂载) File sharing (文件共享) Protection

Demand Paging (按需调页) Copy-on-Write (写时复制) Page Replacement (页面置换) Allocation of Frames Thrashing (抖动) Memory-Mapped Files Allocating Kernel Memory Other Issues Operating System Examples

background Contiguous Memory Allocation (连续内存分配) Swapping Paging (分页) Structure of the Page Table Segmentation (分段) Segmentation with paging (段页式)

1 Background and System Model 2 Deadlock Characterization Necessary Conditions Resource-Allocation Graph Methods for Handling Deadlocks 3 Deadlock Prevention (死锁预防) 4 Deadlock Avoidance (死锁避免) Safe State (安全状态) Resource-Allocation Graph Scheme Banker’s Algorithm (银行家算法) 5 Deadlock Detection (死锁检测) and Recovery

1 Background 2 The Critical-Section Problem (临界区问题) 3 Peterson’s Solution 4 Synchronization Hardware TestAndSet Instruction Swap Instruction 5 Semaphores 6 Classical Problems of Synchronization 7 Monitors 8 Synchronization Examples

1 Overview 2 Multithreading Models 3 Thread Libraries 4 Threading Issues 5 OS Examples for Thread 6 Thread Scheduling OS Examples for Thread Scheduling