Introduction Will provide framework for thinking about the normative and positive aspects of government income redistribution policy

Political Economy Defined Political Economy is the application of economic principles to the analysis of political decision making. -elf- -interestin- the marketplace, this often leads to efficiency; different implications in \political market. Maximization-one goal may be to maximize social welfare

Externality Defined An externality is present when the activity of one entity(person or firm)directly affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism. Negative externality: These activities impose damages on others. Positive externality: These activities benefits on others

Public Goods Defined Pure public goods share two characteristics Nonrival Cost of another person consuming the good is zero Nonexcludable-Very expensive to prevent others from consuming the good

Welfare economics Need systematic framework to assess the desirability of various government actions. Welfare economics is concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states. Distinguishes cases when private markets work well from cases where government intervention may be warranted

Policy analysis is hard Why is it so hard to tell what's going on with government actions? Consider lowering income tax rates. Will lowering taxes increase work effort and labor supply? · Unlike the physical and natural sciences, difficult to perform carefully controlled experiments on the economy

Public Finance Defined Public finance is about the taxing and spending activities of the government. Also known as \public sector economics\or \public economics.\ Focus is on microeconomic functions of government- polices that affect overall unemployment or price levels are left for macroeconomics

一、了解空乘着装的一般要求 二、掌握空乘正装服饰规范 三、了解空乘的饰品及个人用品要求

第一节管理环境 第二节预测 第三节组织目标

第一节控制系统与控制过程 第二节控制的基本原理 第三节控制方法