A-6.(a) has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms N Bra has only one sp-hybridized carbon atom A-7 A-8. A-9.(a)

1.1 The element carbon has atomic number 6, and so it has a total of six electrons. Two of these elec- tr rons are in the Is level. The four electrons in the 2s and 2p levels (the valence shell) are the valence electrons. Carbon has four valence electrons 1.2 Electron configurations of elements are derived by applying the following principles:

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 2.1 A carbonyl group is=. Of the two carbonyl functions in prostaglandin E one belongs to the ketone family, the other to the carboxylic acids. Ketone OH Carboxylic acid functional group

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 3.1 (b) The sawhorse formula contains four carbon atoms in an unbranched chain. The compound is butane, CH:CH,CH, CH3 CH3 HH H-H CH ()Rewrite the structure to show its constitution. The compound is

4.1 There are four C. H, alkyl groups, and so there are four C. H, CI alkyl chlorides. Each may be named by both the functional class and substitutive methods. The functional class name uses the name of the alkyl group followed by the halide as a second word. The substitutive name modifies the name of the corresponding alkane to show the location of the halogen atom

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 5.1 (b) Writing the structure in more detail, we see that the longest continuous chain contains four carbon atoms

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 6.1 Catalytic hydrogenation converts an alkene to an alkane having the same carbon skeleton. Since 2-methylbutane is the product of hydrogenation, all three alkenes must have a four-carbon chain with a one-carbon branch. The three alkenes are therefore:

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 7.1 (c)Carbon-2 is a stereogenic center in 1-bromo-2-methylbutane, as it has four different substituents: H, CH, CH,CH2, and BrCH2. H BrCH2-C-CH2CH, CH3 (d) There are no stereogenic centers in2-romo-2- me. Br CH:-C-CH,CH3 CH, 7.(b) Carbon-2 is a stereogenic center in 1, 1, 2-trimethylcyclobutane

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 8.1 Identify the nucleophilic anion in each reactant. The nucleophilic anion replaces bromine as a sub- stituent on carbon. (b) Potassium ethoxide serves as a source of the nucleophilic anion CH,CH,. CH,CH,: CH, Br: CH3CH2OCH3 + Br: Ethoxide ion Methyl bromide Ethyl methyl ether Bromide ion

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 9.1 The reaction is an acid-base process; water is the proton donor. Two separate proton-transfer steps are involved