Political Economy Defined Political Economy is the application of economic principles to the analysis of political decision making. -elf- -interestin- the marketplace, this often leads to efficiency; different implications in \political market. Maximization-one goal may be to maximize social welfare

Externality Defined An externality is present when the activity of one entity(person or firm)directly affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism. Negative externality: These activities impose damages on others. Positive externality: These activities benefits on others

Public Goods Defined Pure public goods share two characteristics Nonrival Cost of another person consuming the good is zero Nonexcludable-Very expensive to prevent others from consuming the good

Welfare economics Need systematic framework to assess the desirability of various government actions. Welfare economics is concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states. Distinguishes cases when private markets work well from cases where government intervention may be warranted

Policy analysis is hard Why is it so hard to tell what's going on with government actions? Consider lowering income tax rates. Will lowering taxes increase work effort and labor supply? · Unlike the physical and natural sciences, difficult to perform carefully controlled experiments on the economy

Public Finance Defined Public finance is about the taxing and spending activities of the government. Also known as \public sector economics\or \public economics.\ Focus is on microeconomic functions of government- polices that affect overall unemployment or price levels are left for macroeconomics

一、“肯定列表制度”中涉及植物产品的限量情况分析 二、“肯定列表制度”对于植物产品对日贸易的影响分析 三、应对措施的建议

一、市场概念 市场是由一组具有买卖关系的经济实体构成的,这种买卖关系的性质会受到买主和卖主的数量和规模的影响

投入与产出之间的关系 一、投入与产出之间的基本关系用生产函数( production function)来表示:Q=f(K,L) 二、生产函数可在不同层次上进行研究 整个经济

一、估计(Etma)力求对一种商品的需求水 平与决定其变量之间的联系加以量化 二、对饭店房间的需求取决于 1 房间的价格 2 床位价格与免费早餐 3 旅客所在国家的家庭水平