table 13-1 Some Signals to Which Cells Respond Antigens Cell surface glycoproteins/oligosaccharides Developmental signals Extracellular matrix components Growth factors Hormones Light Mechanical touch Neurotransmitters Odorants

1. Living matter is composed mostly of the lighter elements 1.1 The composition of living matter is strikingly different from that of its physical environment(1810s) 1.2 The elements found in living organisms also exist in nature(especially in seawater and atmosphere)

1. Biomembranes are organized, sheetlike assemblies consisting mainly of proteins and lipids 1.1 The functions carried out by membranes are diverse and indispensable for life. 1.1.1 Biomembranes give cells their individuality by separating them from the environment

1.1 The Definition of Metabolism The highly integrated network of chemical transformations. Degradation (decreasing order, thus energy releasing) to provide energy, catabolism; Synthesis (increasing order, thus energy consuming) to provide building materials, anabolism

1. Cells need energy to do all their work To generate and maintain its highly ordered structure (biosynthesis of macromolecules). To generate all kinds of movement. To generate concentration and electrical gradients

1. Proteins are extremely versatile in function and crucial in virtually all biological processes. 1.1 Almost all chemical reactions occurring in living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. 1.1.1 Many thousands of enzymes have been discovered, each catalyzing a different kind of chemical reaction

1,氨基酸( amino acid):是含有一个碱性氨基和一个酸性羧基的有机化合物,氨基一般连在a-碳上。 2,必需氨基酸( essential amino acid):指人(或其它脊椎动物)(赖氨酸,苏氨酸等)自己不能合成,需要从食物中获得的氨基酸

节肢动物门(Arthropoda) 数量最多的一门无脊椎动物,已知约 126万种,其中昆虫占94%,约118万种 ,凡动物能生存的地方均能生存,生活 方式多样,与人类生活关系密切。 在无脊椎动物中,节肢动物是真正 适应陆栖生活的类群

第一节 百合的组织培养 第二节 兰花的组织培养技术 第三节 蝴蝶兰的培养

一、环境的范围与生态学的层次 二、种群生态 三、群落生态 四、生态系统 五、人口、资源与生态平衡