85. The general structure and function of the plasma membrane Introduction The membranes form continuous sheets that form the outer boundaries of the cells or enclose intercellular

2. Electron microscopy Transmission Electron microscopy (TEMs) Scanning Electron microscopy (SE 1) Transmission Electron microscopy (TEMs) 1931 Ruska

Biotechnology and Polymers Most Chemically Synthesized Polymers are not Biodegradable, such as PE, PP, PS and PET While most Biologically Synthesized Polymers are Biodegradable, such as Proteins, Cellulose, Glycan The most Notable Biopolymers with Properties Similar to Thermoplastics are: Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHA

Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Industrial Microbiology is the discipline that uses microorganisms, usually grown on a large scale, to produce valuable commercial products or carry out important chemical transformations. Fermentation Technology is the technology to grow cells in large scale with high efficiency, it also includes product recovery processes

Flowsheet for developing an industrial microbial fermentation process Strain selection Laboratory process development Pilot Scale up Industrial Scale up Downstream process development Product packaging techniques Other commercial consideration Examples

Chapter 5 Macromolecules and Molecular Genetics DNA Replication Complementary base pairing Semiconservative Template and primer From 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl end DNA polymerase and ligase A short stretch of RNA serves as primer Primase: a specific RNA-polymerizing enzyme

Chapter 5 Macromolecules and Molecular Genetics The key informational macromolecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are DNA, RNA, and protein. Molecular Genetics deals with the mechanisms by which the information in DNA is replicated, and by which it can be transcribed into rNa and translated into specific proteins

Arrangement of DNA in Prokaryotes Vertebrates Algae Fungi Free-living prokaryotes Obligately parasitic Bacteria Chloroplasts Nudleod Mitochondria Viruses

Peptidoglycan Synthesis Transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic. membrane to the growing point of the cell wall Outside Peptidoglycan Growing point of cell wall

Cell Biology Tool for studying microbiology: Microscopes and Microscopy Microscope: (a) Bright-field (b) Phase contrast (c) Dark-field (d) Fluorescence