Staphylococci Important human pathogen – Causes both relatively minor and serious diseases One of the hardiest of the non￾sporeforming bacteria – Can exist on dry surfaces for a long period – Relatively heat-resistant; temperature range
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Definition – Soluble substances that alter normal metabolism of host cells with deleterious effects on the host Host range – Known for bacteria, but possible that they play a role in diseases caused by fungi
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Production of Ab and Activation of Macrophages and Cytotoxic T Cells T-Dependent T-Independent
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Arthur Kornberg (1918- ) of the U.S. produced DNA in a test tube. F. Sanger (1918- ) of Britain developed sequencing procedure for proteins, and later for DNA
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Functions of Nucleotides RNA and DNA components serving as energy stores for future use in phosphate transfer reactions. These reactions are predominantly carried out by ATP
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The term carbohydrate derives from the fact that many of them have a formula that can be simplified to (CH2O)n. Some of these compounds are chemically modified, however, and do not fit the formula due to the modification
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一、概念 二、基因活性状态的可逆性 三、DNA的不可逆改变导致的细胞分化 四、基因活性状态的维持和传递决定 五、细胞分化中基因的转录调控 六、细胞分化中RNA加工水平上的调控 七、细胞分化中翻译水平上的调控 八、细胞分化中翻译后水平上的调控
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一、组织、器官、个体的生长 二、蜕皮(molting)和变形(metamorphosis) 三、个体衰老
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一、性别表现型的决定 二、生殖细胞(Germ Cells)的发育 三、受精
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遗传: 亲代与子代相似. 变异: 亲代与子代、子代间不同个体不完 全相同. 遗传(inheritance)和变异(variation)是 生命的最本质特性之一 遗传型: 表型(表现型):
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