1. Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific Catalysts 2. Free Energy Is a Useful Thermodynamic Function for Understanding Enzymes －热力学 3. Enzymes Accelerate Reactions by Facilitating the Formation of the Transition State －化学 4. The Michaelis-Menten Model Accounts for the Kinetic Properties of Many Enzymes －动力学

1.The Exploration of Genes Relies on Key Tools 2.Recombinant DNA Technology Has Revolutionized All Aspects of Biology 3.Complete Genomes Have Been Sequenced and Analyzed 4.Eukaryotic Genes Can Be Manipulated with Considerable Precision

1.A Nucleic Acid Consists of Four Kinds of Bases Linked to a Sugar-Phosphate Backbone 2.A Pair of Nucleic Acid Chains with Complementary Sequences Can Form a Double￾Helical Structure 3.DNA Is Replicated by Polymerases That Take Instructions from Templates

1.The Purification of Proteins Is an Essential First Step in Understanding Their Function 2. The Characterization of Proteins: Molecular Weight, isoelectric point. 3 . Amino Acid Sequencing and primary structure

1.Fatty Acids Are Key Constituents of Lipids 脂肪酸是脂质的主要组成成分 2.There Are Three Common Types of Membrane Lipids 3.Phospholipids and Glycolipids Readily Form Bimolecular Sheets in Aqueous Media 4.Proteins Carry Out Most Membrane Processes 5.Lipids and Many Membrane Proteins Diffuse Rapidly in the plane of the Membrane 6.Eukaryotic Cells Contain Compartments Bounded by Internal Membranes

1.Monosaccharides Are Aldehydes or Ketones with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups 寡糖是多羟基醛或多羟基酮 2.Complex Carbohydrates Are Formed by the Linkage of Monosaccharides 3.Carbohydrates Can be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins 4.Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins

1. Allosteric Control 变构控制，别构控制 2. Multiple Forms of Enzymes. Isozymes, or isoenzymes 同功酶 3. Reversible Covalent Modification. 可逆共价修饰 4. Proteolytic Activation. 蛋白酶作用 5. Controlling the Amount of Enzyme Present. 控制酶量

Serine proteases : to promote a reaction that is almost immeasurably slow at neutral pH in the absence of a catalyst. 将pH 7.0几乎不发生 的反应(蛋白质水解）进行下去 -Carbonic anhydrases: to achieve a high absolute rate of reaction,suitable for integration with other rapid physiological processes. 加速以与其他快速生理过程融合 -Restriction endonucleases, to attain a high degree of specificity.实现 酶切反应的高度特异性 - NMP kinases: to transfer a phosphoryl group from AT P to a nucleotide and not to water.磷酸基团从ATP转移给另一个核苷酸（而不 会转移到水分子）

4. The Michaelis-Menten Model Accounts for the Kinetic Properties of Many Enzymes －动力学 5. Enzymes Can Be Inhibited by Specific Molecules －抑制作用

1. Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific Catalysts 2. Free Energy Is a Useful Thermodynamic Function for Understanding Enzymes －热力学